Keywords:
M. Longshaw;J. Wang;J. Zhang;W. Liang;X. Dong;Q. Yang;H. Liu;J. Deng;B. Tan;S. Chi
In: Animal Nutrition, vol. 22, pp. 321–336, 2025, ISSN: 2405-6545.
Fish nutrition Clinical nutrition Peer review
@article{zhang_methanotroph_2025,
title = {Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal, influences the intestinal microbiome, and improves intestinal barrier function and immunity in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscointestinetatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂)},
author = {Jiacheng Zhang and Weixing Liang and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Xiaohui Dong and Qihui Yang and Hongyu Liu and Junming Deng and Beiping Tan and Shuyan Chi},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405654525000952},
doi = {10.1016/j.aninu.2025.03.020},
issn = {2405-6545},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
urldate = {2025-08-18},
journal = {Animal Nutrition},
volume = {22},
pages = {321–336},
abstract = {The hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscointestinetatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) is an important aquaculture marine species in China. The current study was designed to test the effects of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal (MBM) on hybrid grouper growth and intestinal health outcomes. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were formulated, comprising a control diet (MBM0) with 400 g/kg fish meal (FM) as the main protein source, and four experimental diets, in which FM was replaced at 5% (MBM2), 10% (MBM4), 20% (MBM8) and 30% (MBM12) with 20, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg of MBM, respectively. The 450 healthy juvenile hybrid grouper (initial weight 28.84 ± 0.05 g) were randomly allocated into five groups, with three replicates in each group and 30 fish in each replicate. They were fed for eight weeks prior to being sampled for transcriptome and microbiome research. The final body weight (FBW, P < 0.001) and weight gain rate (WGR, P < 0.001) were obviously enhanced in MBM2 and MBM8 groups compared to MBM0 group, and the specific growth rate (SGR) in the MBM2 and MBM8 groups were significantly enhanced compared to MBM0 group (P < 0.001). The condition factor (CF) in MBM4 and MBM8 groups were considerably reduced than that in MBM0 group (P = 0.008). The hepatosomatic index (HSI) in MBM8 and MBM12 groups were obviously enhanced than that in the other groups (P < 0.001). In the intestinal microflora analysis, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) exhibited a significant linear increase with increasing MBM replacement ratio (P = 0.015). Concurrently, the richness of bacterial families and genera showed significant linear enrichment (P = 0.023 and P = 0.028, respectively). There was a decrease in the relative abundance of the potentially pathogenic genera Photobacterium and Vibrio in the MBM-fed groups compared with the control group. The study has effectively shown that MBM may significantly enhance the health and growth of hybrid groupers by partially replacing FM in diets at the required amount of 3.70%, as determined by WGR regression analysis.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscointestinetatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) is an important aquaculture marine species in China. The current study was designed to test the effects of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal (MBM) on hybrid grouper growth and intestinal health outcomes. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were formulated, comprising a control diet (MBM0) with 400 g/kg fish meal (FM) as the main protein source, and four experimental diets, in which FM was replaced at 5% (MBM2), 10% (MBM4), 20% (MBM8) and 30% (MBM12) with 20, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg of MBM, respectively. The 450 healthy juvenile hybrid grouper (initial weight 28.84 ± 0.05 g) were randomly allocated into five groups, with three replicates in each group and 30 fish in each replicate. They were fed for eight weeks prior to being sampled for transcriptome and microbiome research. The final body weight (FBW, P < 0.001) and weight gain rate (WGR, P < 0.001) were obviously enhanced in MBM2 and MBM8 groups compared to MBM0 group, and the specific growth rate (SGR) in the MBM2 and MBM8 groups were significantly enhanced compared to MBM0 group (P < 0.001). The condition factor (CF) in MBM4 and MBM8 groups were considerably reduced than that in MBM0 group (P = 0.008). The hepatosomatic index (HSI) in MBM8 and MBM12 groups were obviously enhanced than that in the other groups (P < 0.001). In the intestinal microflora analysis, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) exhibited a significant linear increase with increasing MBM replacement ratio (P = 0.015). Concurrently, the richness of bacterial families and genera showed significant linear enrichment (P = 0.023 and P = 0.028, respectively). There was a decrease in the relative abundance of the potentially pathogenic genera Photobacterium and Vibrio in the MBM-fed groups compared with the control group. The study has effectively shown that MBM may significantly enhance the health and growth of hybrid groupers by partially replacing FM in diets at the required amount of 3.70%, as determined by WGR regression analysis.
Replacement of fishmeal with a microbial single-cell protein induced enteropathy and poor growth outcomes in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fry Journal Article
M. Longshaw;F. Samsing;R. Sullivan;H. Truong;A. Robenso;C. R. Sangster;J. Bannister;J. A. Becker
In: Journal of Fish Diseases, vol. 47, no. 9, pp. e13985, 2024, ISSN: 1365-2761, (_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jfd.13985).
Fish nutrition Clinical nutrition Peer review
@article{samsing_replacement_2024,
title = {Replacement of fishmeal with a microbial single-cell protein induced enteropathy and poor growth outcomes in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fry},
author = {Francisca Samsing and Roisin Sullivan and Ha Truong and Artur Robenso and Cheryl R. Sangster and Jo Bannister and Matt Longshaw and Joy A. Becker},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfd.13985},
doi = {10.1111/jfd.13985},
issn = {1365-2761},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
urldate = {2024-06-26},
journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},
volume = {47},
number = {9},
pages = {e13985},
abstract = {Fish meal (FM) replacement is essential for the sustainable expansion of aquaculture. This study focussed on the feasibility of replacing FM with a single-cell protein (SCP) derived from methanotrophic bacteria (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) in barramundi fry (Lates calcarifer). Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with 0%, 6.4% and 12.9% inclusion of the SCP, replacing FM by 0%, 25% and 50%. Barramundi fry (initial body weight 2.5 ± 0.1 g) were fed experimental diets for 21 days to assess growth performance, gut microbiome composition and gut histopathology. Our findings revealed that both levels of SCP inclusion induced detrimental effects in barramundi fry, including impaired growth and reduced survival compared with the control group (66.7% and 71.7% survival in diets replacing FM with SCP by 25% and 50%, respectively; p < .05). Both dietary treatments presented mild necrotizing enteritis with subepithelial oedema and accumulation of PAS positive, diastase resistant droplets within hepatocytes (ceroid hepatopathy) and pancreatic atrophy. Microbiome analysis revealed a marked shift in the gut microbial community with the expansion of potential opportunistic bacteria in the genus Aeromonas. Reduced overall performance in the highest inclusion level (50% SCP) was primarily associated with reduced feed intake, likely related to palatability issues, albeit pathological changes observed in gut and liver may also play a role. Our study highlights the importance of meticulous optimization of SCP inclusion levels in aquafeed formulations, and the need for species and life-stage specific assessments to ensure the health and welfare of fish in sustainable aquaculture practices.},
note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jfd.13985},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fish meal (FM) replacement is essential for the sustainable expansion of aquaculture. This study focussed on the feasibility of replacing FM with a single-cell protein (SCP) derived from methanotrophic bacteria (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) in barramundi fry (Lates calcarifer). Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with 0%, 6.4% and 12.9% inclusion of the SCP, replacing FM by 0%, 25% and 50%. Barramundi fry (initial body weight 2.5 ± 0.1 g) were fed experimental diets for 21 days to assess growth performance, gut microbiome composition and gut histopathology. Our findings revealed that both levels of SCP inclusion induced detrimental effects in barramundi fry, including impaired growth and reduced survival compared with the control group (66.7% and 71.7% survival in diets replacing FM with SCP by 25% and 50%, respectively; p < .05). Both dietary treatments presented mild necrotizing enteritis with subepithelial oedema and accumulation of PAS positive, diastase resistant droplets within hepatocytes (ceroid hepatopathy) and pancreatic atrophy. Microbiome analysis revealed a marked shift in the gut microbial community with the expansion of potential opportunistic bacteria in the genus Aeromonas. Reduced overall performance in the highest inclusion level (50% SCP) was primarily associated with reduced feed intake, likely related to palatability issues, albeit pathological changes observed in gut and liver may also play a role. Our study highlights the importance of meticulous optimization of SCP inclusion levels in aquafeed formulations, and the need for species and life-stage specific assessments to ensure the health and welfare of fish in sustainable aquaculture practices.
Effects of a novel bacteria meal (FeedKind®) on the physical properties of extrudates Journal Article
M. Longshaw;J. Wang;M. Xue;J. Wang;X. Liang;R. Liu;S. Xing;H. Cheng;L. Hou;H. Wang
In: Aquaculture Reports, vol. 33, pp. 101744, 2023, ISSN: 2352-5134.
Fish nutrition Technical Market entry
@article{liu_effects_2023,
title = {Effects of a novel bacteria meal (FeedKind®) on the physical properties of extrudates},
author = {Rongda Liu and Shujuan Xing and Hongyuan Cheng and Xiaofang Liang and Jia Wang and Jie Wang and Matt Longshaw and Lei Hou and Min Xue and Hao Wang},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352513423002831},
doi = {10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101744},
issn = {2352-5134},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-12-01},
urldate = {2023-10-11},
journal = {Aquaculture Reports},
volume = {33},
pages = {101744},
abstract = {The development of fishmeal (FM) alternatives for feed in aquaculture is essential for sustainable and economic fish farming. A study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of a novel bacteria meal (FeedKind® (FK)) as fishmeal substitute. There are significant differences between fishmeal and FeedKind® in viscosity, water absorption, water-soluble protein, oil absorption and other physicochemical properties, which in turn affects the physical quality of feed. Increasing FK content will enhance the pellet durability (P < 0.05) and the expansion (P < 0.01), and decrease the oil leakage (P < 0.05) of the extruded feed pellets. This indicates that FK can be used as a feasible substitute for FM to improve the physical qualities of low-starch floating extrudates. The optimal lower moisture content (24.3%−24.9%) and temperature (127.6 ℃−136.7 ℃) requirement in extrusion after FM is replaced by FK is conducive to reducing the consumption of water and electric energy in the drying process, which contributes to the low carbon emissions and sustainable production of fish feed.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The development of fishmeal (FM) alternatives for feed in aquaculture is essential for sustainable and economic fish farming. A study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of a novel bacteria meal (FeedKind® (FK)) as fishmeal substitute. There are significant differences between fishmeal and FeedKind® in viscosity, water absorption, water-soluble protein, oil absorption and other physicochemical properties, which in turn affects the physical quality of feed. Increasing FK content will enhance the pellet durability (P < 0.05) and the expansion (P < 0.01), and decrease the oil leakage (P < 0.05) of the extruded feed pellets. This indicates that FK can be used as a feasible substitute for FM to improve the physical qualities of low-starch floating extrudates. The optimal lower moisture content (24.3%−24.9%) and temperature (127.6 ℃−136.7 ℃) requirement in extrusion after FM is replaced by FK is conducive to reducing the consumption of water and electric energy in the drying process, which contributes to the low carbon emissions and sustainable production of fish feed.
Digestibility of bacterial protein by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is affected by both inclusion level and acclimation time Journal Article
M. Longshaw;B. Glencross;P. Muñoz-Lopez;C. Matthew;S. MacKenzie;A. Powell;A. LeBlanc
In: Aquaculture, vol. 565, pp. 739137, 2023, ISSN: 0044-8486.
Fish nutrition Peer review Technical
@article{glencross_digestibility_2023,
title = {Digestibility of bacterial protein by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is affected by both inclusion level and acclimation time},
author = {Brett Glencross and Pedro Muñoz-Lopez and Chessor Matthew and Simon MacKenzie and Adam Powell and Matt Longshaw and Allan LeBlanc},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848622012546},
doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.739137},
issn = {0044-8486},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2022-12-08},
journal = {Aquaculture},
volume = {565},
pages = {739137},
abstract = {The impact of acclimation time and inclusion level of a bacterial protein (BP) meal on the digestibility of protein and amino acids to post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was examined using a factorial experimental design that compared acclimation over five time points (3-days, 10-days, 17-days, 24-days, and 35-days) and five BP inclusion levels (0 g/kg, 100 g/kg, 200 g/kg, 300 g/kg and 400 g/kg). An additional test diet with soy protein concentrate (300 g/kg) was included as a comparison. Each of the diets were prepared from the same basal mash and using the same processing methods. Feed intake was measured daily. The results of the study showed that diet apparent digestibility coefficients (DADC) changed markedly over the time-course of the study, initially being low and variable before stabilizing at higher values from day-17 onwards. However, the effect on temporal variability of DADC values was consistent across all diets. This consistency translated to comparatively stable ingredient apparent digestibility coefficients (IADC) across each of the time points assessed, though there was a significant decline in all IADC values over time. Additionally, the IADC data was less reliable at the 10% inclusion level with higher variability and significantly differed from the other values determined at the higher inclusion levels. Furthermore, there was not always consistency in the IADC values for nitrogen and sum of amino acids, although both are often used as measures of protein. There were also significant differences among the different amino acids in terms of their IADC values. Although there was a trend towards poorer feed intake with the higher inclusion levels of the BP, this was no worse than that observed for the soy protein concentrate. In recognition of the findings of this study we are suggesting that digestibility studies with Atlantic salmon post-smolt should acclimate for a minimum of 14-days prior to faecal collection and that test ingredient inclusion should be 200 g/kg or greater to obtain reliable data.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The impact of acclimation time and inclusion level of a bacterial protein (BP) meal on the digestibility of protein and amino acids to post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was examined using a factorial experimental design that compared acclimation over five time points (3-days, 10-days, 17-days, 24-days, and 35-days) and five BP inclusion levels (0 g/kg, 100 g/kg, 200 g/kg, 300 g/kg and 400 g/kg). An additional test diet with soy protein concentrate (300 g/kg) was included as a comparison. Each of the diets were prepared from the same basal mash and using the same processing methods. Feed intake was measured daily. The results of the study showed that diet apparent digestibility coefficients (DADC) changed markedly over the time-course of the study, initially being low and variable before stabilizing at higher values from day-17 onwards. However, the effect on temporal variability of DADC values was consistent across all diets. This consistency translated to comparatively stable ingredient apparent digestibility coefficients (IADC) across each of the time points assessed, though there was a significant decline in all IADC values over time. Additionally, the IADC data was less reliable at the 10% inclusion level with higher variability and significantly differed from the other values determined at the higher inclusion levels. Furthermore, there was not always consistency in the IADC values for nitrogen and sum of amino acids, although both are often used as measures of protein. There were also significant differences among the different amino acids in terms of their IADC values. Although there was a trend towards poorer feed intake with the higher inclusion levels of the BP, this was no worse than that observed for the soy protein concentrate. In recognition of the findings of this study we are suggesting that digestibility studies with Atlantic salmon post-smolt should acclimate for a minimum of 14-days prior to faecal collection and that test ingredient inclusion should be 200 g/kg or greater to obtain reliable data.
Aquafeeds that incorporate single-cell protein are now a reality Journal Article
M. Longshaw;J. Wang;A. LeBlanc
In: Aquafeed, vol. 15, pp. 23–26, 2023.
Fish nutrition Trade magazine Market entry
@article{longshaw_aquafeeds_2023,
title = {Aquafeeds that incorporate single-cell protein are now a reality},
author = {M Longshaw and Jia Wang and Allan LeBlanc},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Aquafeed},
volume = {15},
pages = {23–26},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
M. Longshaw;J. Wang;M. Yu;X. Li;K. Song;L. Wang;C. Zhang;K. Lu
In: Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 296, pp. 115556, 2023, ISSN: 0377-8401.
Fish nutrition Peer review Animal health
@article{yu_substituting_2023,
title = {Substituting fish meal with a bacteria protein (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) grown on natural gas: Effects on growth non-specific immunity and gut health of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus)},
author = {Man-han Yu and Xue-shan Li and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Kai Song and Ling Wang and Chun-xiao Zhang and Kang-le Lu},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840122003546},
doi = {10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115556},
issn = {0377-8401},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-01-03},
journal = {Animal Feed Science and Technology},
volume = {296},
pages = {115556},
abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate effects of substituting fish meal (FM) by methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) on growth performance, non-specific immunity and gut health of Lateolabrax maculatus. Six iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated with 0, 3.5%, 7%, 10.5%, 14% and 17.5% FK to substitute 0 (control group, FM content: 35%), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% fish meal, referred to as FM, FK3.5, FK7, FK10.5, FK14, and FK17.5 respectively. Fish (initial body weight: 11.00 ± 0.02 g) were fed experimental diets for 56 days. Results showed that growth of fish fed the FK3.5 diets was significantly increased (P < 0.05) but that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth of the other groups (FK7-FK17.5) compared with control group. Although survival of fish in the 50% substitution group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the other groups, there was no overall trend in the survival data. The activities of serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), gut lipase and protease and the contents of serum total protein and albumin in the FK3.5 group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the activities/contents of serum ACP, AKP, lysozyme and complement 4 in the FK10.5, FK14 and FK17.5 groups were significantly decreased compared with control group. There was no significant difference in gut mucosal structure among all groups. The analysis of gut flora showed that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the FK7 and FK10.5 groups was significantly higher than other groups. In conclusion, dietary FK inclusion level up to 14% of total diet to replace 40% FM is possible without negatively affecting the growth performance of spotted seabass. Furthermore, the replacement of FM with 3.5% FK enhances the growth and immune, and substituting 20–30% of FM by 7–10.5% FK increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in intestine of fish.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study aimed to evaluate effects of substituting fish meal (FM) by methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) on growth performance, non-specific immunity and gut health of Lateolabrax maculatus. Six iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated with 0, 3.5%, 7%, 10.5%, 14% and 17.5% FK to substitute 0 (control group, FM content: 35%), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% fish meal, referred to as FM, FK3.5, FK7, FK10.5, FK14, and FK17.5 respectively. Fish (initial body weight: 11.00 ± 0.02 g) were fed experimental diets for 56 days. Results showed that growth of fish fed the FK3.5 diets was significantly increased (P < 0.05) but that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth of the other groups (FK7-FK17.5) compared with control group. Although survival of fish in the 50% substitution group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the other groups, there was no overall trend in the survival data. The activities of serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), gut lipase and protease and the contents of serum total protein and albumin in the FK3.5 group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the activities/contents of serum ACP, AKP, lysozyme and complement 4 in the FK10.5, FK14 and FK17.5 groups were significantly decreased compared with control group. There was no significant difference in gut mucosal structure among all groups. The analysis of gut flora showed that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the FK7 and FK10.5 groups was significantly higher than other groups. In conclusion, dietary FK inclusion level up to 14% of total diet to replace 40% FM is possible without negatively affecting the growth performance of spotted seabass. Furthermore, the replacement of FM with 3.5% FK enhances the growth and immune, and substituting 20–30% of FM by 7–10.5% FK increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in intestine of fish.
M. Longshaw;J. Wang;K. Song;L. Wang;J. Zhang;M. Yu;X. Li;C. Zhang;K. Lu
In: Aquaculture, vol. 575, pp. 739795, 2023, ISSN: 0044-8486.
Fish nutrition Peer review Animal health
@article{zhang_methanotroph_2023,
title = {Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal alleviates soybean meal-induced enteritis in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) by modulating immune responses and the intestinal flora},
author = {Jian Zhang and Manhan Yu and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Kai Song and Ling Wang and Xueshan Li and Chunxiao Zhang and Kangle Lu},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848623005690},
doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739795},
issn = {0044-8486},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-06-21},
journal = {Aquaculture},
volume = {575},
pages = {739795},
abstract = {The effect of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) supplementation in a high-soybean meal diet on growth, non-specific immunity, and gut health in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) was investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated: control (containing 38% fish meal, FM, and 16.5% soybean meal, SBM), a high-soybean meal diet (containing 28% FM and 35% SBM), and four experimental diets each containing 28% FM and 35% SBM with the addition of FK at 2% (FK2), 4% (FK4), 6% (FK6) or 8% (FK8) in the diet to replace wheat gluten. All diets also contained 0.1% yttrium oxide to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and crude lipid. Following a 14-day acclimation period, fish were fed the diets for 56 days. Results showed that the FK2 and FK4 groups showed significantly higher weight gain (WG) compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05), whilst the FK2, FK6, and FK8 groups showed higher WG compared to the FM group (P < 0.05). The FK2, FK4, and FK8 had lower feed conversion rate (FCR) compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05). No differences were noted in overall survival. Intestinal lipase activity was significantly increased in the FK2 and FK4 groups and trypsin activity was significantly increased in the FK2 group compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05). The FK2 group showed significantly higher apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients than the SBM group (P < 0.05). The expressions of anti-inflammatory genes (tgfβ, il-4, and il-10) in the intestine of the FK-supplemented group showed a significant increment (P < 0.05), whilst the expressions of pro-inflammatory genes (tnfα, il-1β, and il-8) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that indexes of alpha diversity in the SBM group were decreased (P < 0.05) compared with all other diets. In addition, the FK2 group showed significantly higher serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), complement 4 (C4), and total protein (TP), levels than the SBM group (P < 0.05). Inclusion of FeedKind in high SBM diets alleviated SBM-induced intestinal inflammation by modulating the expression of intestinal inflammatory factors and regulating intestinal flora. Overall, supplementation of SBM diets with 2%–4% FK improved growth, non-specific immunity, and ADC's in spotted seabass.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effect of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) supplementation in a high-soybean meal diet on growth, non-specific immunity, and gut health in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) was investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated: control (containing 38% fish meal, FM, and 16.5% soybean meal, SBM), a high-soybean meal diet (containing 28% FM and 35% SBM), and four experimental diets each containing 28% FM and 35% SBM with the addition of FK at 2% (FK2), 4% (FK4), 6% (FK6) or 8% (FK8) in the diet to replace wheat gluten. All diets also contained 0.1% yttrium oxide to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and crude lipid. Following a 14-day acclimation period, fish were fed the diets for 56 days. Results showed that the FK2 and FK4 groups showed significantly higher weight gain (WG) compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05), whilst the FK2, FK6, and FK8 groups showed higher WG compared to the FM group (P < 0.05). The FK2, FK4, and FK8 had lower feed conversion rate (FCR) compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05). No differences were noted in overall survival. Intestinal lipase activity was significantly increased in the FK2 and FK4 groups and trypsin activity was significantly increased in the FK2 group compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05). The FK2 group showed significantly higher apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients than the SBM group (P < 0.05). The expressions of anti-inflammatory genes (tgfβ, il-4, and il-10) in the intestine of the FK-supplemented group showed a significant increment (P < 0.05), whilst the expressions of pro-inflammatory genes (tnfα, il-1β, and il-8) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that indexes of alpha diversity in the SBM group were decreased (P < 0.05) compared with all other diets. In addition, the FK2 group showed significantly higher serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), complement 4 (C4), and total protein (TP), levels than the SBM group (P < 0.05). Inclusion of FeedKind in high SBM diets alleviated SBM-induced intestinal inflammation by modulating the expression of intestinal inflammatory factors and regulating intestinal flora. Overall, supplementation of SBM diets with 2%–4% FK improved growth, non-specific immunity, and ADC's in spotted seabass.
M. Longshaw;K. Chen;G. Sagada;B. Xu;Y. Liu;L. Zheng;A. F. Tegomo;Y. Yang;Y. Sun;J. Wang;et al.
In: Aquaculture International, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1693–1710, 2022, ISSN: 1573-143X.
Fish nutrition Clinical nutrition Peer review
@article{chen_evaluation_2022,
title = {Evaluation of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal as an alternative protein source for growth performance, digestive enzymes, and health status of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)},
author = {Kai Chen and Gladstone Sagada and Bingying Xu and Yuechong Liu and Lu Zheng and Arnaud Fabrice Tegomo and Yifei Yang and Yuxiao Sun and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Qingjun Shao},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00869-9},
doi = {10.1007/s10499-022-00869-9},
issn = {1573-143X},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-01},
urldate = {2023-02-27},
journal = {Aquaculture International},
volume = {30},
number = {4},
pages = {1693–1710},
abstract = {The increasing cost of fishmeal (FM) with limited supply and the continuous development of aquaculture necessitate more economical FM substitutes. This study aimed to appraise the effects of dietary methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal, a kind of methane-utilizing bacteria protein (MBP), replacing fishmeal on the growth and feed utilization, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and digestive enzyme activities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were designed with 0%, 6.89%, 13.92%, 21.09%, 28.40%, 35.85%, and 43.46% MBP replacing FM, and fed to Pacific white shrimp (mean initial weight 0.27 ± 0.02 g) for 8 weeks. The shrimp fed with 28.40%, 35.85%, and 43.46% MBP diets showed significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate compared to the control group (P < 0.05), while the other MBP diets had no significant effect on the growth performance (P > 0.05). No statistical differences were found in the activities of digestive enzymes in the stomach, hepatopancreas, and midgut among shrimp fed the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Furthermore, antioxidant parameters in serum and hepatopancreas showed no significant differences among all the groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, it was revealed that MBP replacing from 28.40 to 43.46% FM in the diet with appropriate supplementation of essential amino acids significantly improved the growth of Pacific white shrimp without adverse effects on feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, physiological condition, and antioxidant status. This study provides a reference for replacing FM with MBP in the diet of Pacific white shrimp.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The increasing cost of fishmeal (FM) with limited supply and the continuous development of aquaculture necessitate more economical FM substitutes. This study aimed to appraise the effects of dietary methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal, a kind of methane-utilizing bacteria protein (MBP), replacing fishmeal on the growth and feed utilization, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and digestive enzyme activities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were designed with 0%, 6.89%, 13.92%, 21.09%, 28.40%, 35.85%, and 43.46% MBP replacing FM, and fed to Pacific white shrimp (mean initial weight 0.27 ± 0.02 g) for 8 weeks. The shrimp fed with 28.40%, 35.85%, and 43.46% MBP diets showed significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate compared to the control group (P < 0.05), while the other MBP diets had no significant effect on the growth performance (P > 0.05). No statistical differences were found in the activities of digestive enzymes in the stomach, hepatopancreas, and midgut among shrimp fed the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Furthermore, antioxidant parameters in serum and hepatopancreas showed no significant differences among all the groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, it was revealed that MBP replacing from 28.40 to 43.46% FM in the diet with appropriate supplementation of essential amino acids significantly improved the growth of Pacific white shrimp without adverse effects on feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, physiological condition, and antioxidant status. This study provides a reference for replacing FM with MBP in the diet of Pacific white shrimp.
M. Longshaw;J. Wang;B. Guo;X. He;C. Ge;M. Xue;J. Wang;X. Liang
In: Antioxidants, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1479, 2022, ISSN: 2076-3921, (Number: 8).
Fish nutrition Clinical nutrition Peer review
@article{guo_natural_2022,
title = {A Natural Gas Fermentation Bacterial Meal (FeedKind®) as a Functional Alternative Ingredient for Fishmeal in Diet of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides},
author = {Boyuan Guo and Xia He and Chunyu Ge and Min Xue and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Jie Wang and Xiaofang Liang},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/8/1479},
doi = {10.3390/antiox11081479},
issn = {2076-3921},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-01},
urldate = {2023-02-27},
journal = {Antioxidants},
volume = {11},
number = {8},
pages = {1479},
publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
abstract = {A 10-week growth study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a natural gas fermentation bacterial meal (FeedKind®, FK) as a fishmeal (FM) alternative in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (48.0 ± 0.03 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated including one commercial control (C, 42% FM) and three experimental diets with gradient FK of 3% (FK3, 29%FM), 6% (FK6, 26%FM) and 9% (FK9, 23%FM), respectively. FK-fed groups showed significantly higher SR than that of C group. The WGR and SGR of fish fed FK3 and FK6 were significantly higher than those of FK9, but not statistical different from the C group. FK-fed groups showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and nutrients. Further, FK-fed groups increased the ratio of SOD/MDA in the plasma and liver, and the upregulation of intestinal Keap1 and downregulation of HIF1α was found in FK3. Furthermore, FK-fed groups showed higher microbial richness and diversity. Pearson correlation analysis found that antioxidant relevant biomarkers were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of certain potential beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplemented up to 3–6% FK replacing FM in a low FM diet of largemouth bass could increase growth, survival rate, antioxidant capacity, and improve gut microbiota.},
note = {Number: 8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A 10-week growth study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a natural gas fermentation bacterial meal (FeedKind®, FK) as a fishmeal (FM) alternative in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (48.0 ± 0.03 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated including one commercial control (C, 42% FM) and three experimental diets with gradient FK of 3% (FK3, 29%FM), 6% (FK6, 26%FM) and 9% (FK9, 23%FM), respectively. FK-fed groups showed significantly higher SR than that of C group. The WGR and SGR of fish fed FK3 and FK6 were significantly higher than those of FK9, but not statistical different from the C group. FK-fed groups showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and nutrients. Further, FK-fed groups increased the ratio of SOD/MDA in the plasma and liver, and the upregulation of intestinal Keap1 and downregulation of HIF1α was found in FK3. Furthermore, FK-fed groups showed higher microbial richness and diversity. Pearson correlation analysis found that antioxidant relevant biomarkers were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of certain potential beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplemented up to 3–6% FK replacing FM in a low FM diet of largemouth bass could increase growth, survival rate, antioxidant capacity, and improve gut microbiota.
M. Longshaw;J. Wang;H. Yu;H. Liang;X. Ge;M. Ren;L. Zhang
In: Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 288, pp. 115293, 2022, ISSN: 0377-8401.
Fish nutrition Animal health Clinical nutrition Peer review
@article{yu_methanotroph_2022,
title = {Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®) could effectively improve the growth, apparent digestibility coefficient, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant indices of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)},
author = {Heng Yu and Hualiang Liang and Matt Longshaw and Jia Wang and Xianping Ge and Mingchun Ren and Lu Zhang},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840122000918},
doi = {10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115293},
issn = {0377-8401},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-01},
urldate = {2022-04-21},
journal = {Animal Feed Science and Technology},
volume = {288},
pages = {115293},
abstract = {A 10-week growth study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of Methylococcus capsulatus (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) meal on the growth, digestibility, intestinal development and serum biochemical indices of juvenile Jian carp. The present results showed that compared to the control group (0% M. capsulatus meal), 6%, 8%, and 10% M. capsulatus meal significantly improved the final average weight (FW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and decreased feed conversion rate (FCR). No significant difference was found in the survival rate (SR) in the treatment groups, and SR of each group was more than 95%. Jian carp had relatively high apparent digestibility of diets containing M. capsulatus meal, the apparent digestibility coefficient of Jian carp for dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy and amino acid of M. capsulatus meal was 70.85%, 90.68%, 67.68%, 80.82%, and 88.00-91.17%, respectively. The addition of M. capsulatus meal had no adverse effect in the intestinal tissue of Jian carp juveniles, and 8% M. capsulatus meal significantly increased the villus width compared with the control group. Improved serum biochemical indices and increased antioxidant capacity of fish was noted in fish fed diets containing M. capsulatus meal. Replacement of M. capsulatus meal at the 6% level significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity compared to the control group. The blood glucose (GLU) of all treatment groups had a decreasing trend, and the 8% and 10% M. capsulatus meal diets had significant effects on GLU content. Compared to the control group, 6%, 8%, and 10% M. capsulatus meal significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content. Compared to the control group, 6% and 8% M. capsulatus meal diets significantly increased serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of Jian carp, and 8% M. capsulatus meal diet significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) activity. The study has demonstrated that the replacement of SBM with Methylococcus capsulatus shows promise as an alternative protein source in the aquaculture industry.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A 10-week growth study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of Methylococcus capsulatus (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) meal on the growth, digestibility, intestinal development and serum biochemical indices of juvenile Jian carp. The present results showed that compared to the control group (0% M. capsulatus meal), 6%, 8%, and 10% M. capsulatus meal significantly improved the final average weight (FW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and decreased feed conversion rate (FCR). No significant difference was found in the survival rate (SR) in the treatment groups, and SR of each group was more than 95%. Jian carp had relatively high apparent digestibility of diets containing M. capsulatus meal, the apparent digestibility coefficient of Jian carp for dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy and amino acid of M. capsulatus meal was 70.85%, 90.68%, 67.68%, 80.82%, and 88.00-91.17%, respectively. The addition of M. capsulatus meal had no adverse effect in the intestinal tissue of Jian carp juveniles, and 8% M. capsulatus meal significantly increased the villus width compared with the control group. Improved serum biochemical indices and increased antioxidant capacity of fish was noted in fish fed diets containing M. capsulatus meal. Replacement of M. capsulatus meal at the 6% level significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity compared to the control group. The blood glucose (GLU) of all treatment groups had a decreasing trend, and the 8% and 10% M. capsulatus meal diets had significant effects on GLU content. Compared to the control group, 6%, 8%, and 10% M. capsulatus meal significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content. Compared to the control group, 6% and 8% M. capsulatus meal diets significantly increased serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of Jian carp, and 8% M. capsulatus meal diet significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) activity. The study has demonstrated that the replacement of SBM with Methylococcus capsulatus shows promise as an alternative protein source in the aquaculture industry.
M. Longshaw;J. Wang;H. Liang;X. Ge;M. Ren;Q. Zhang;J. Zhu;S. Li
In: Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 122, pp. 298–305, 2022, ISSN: 1050-4648.
Fish nutrition Clinical nutrition Peer review
@article{zhang_effects_2022,
title = {Effects of replacing fishmeal with methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®) on growth and intestinal health status of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)},
author = {Qile Zhang and Hualiang Liang and Matt Longshaw and Jia Wang and Xianping Ge and Jian Zhu and Songlin Li and Mingchun Ren},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050464822000705},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.008},
issn = {1050-4648},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-01},
urldate = {2022-02-17},
journal = {Fish & Shellfish Immunology},
volume = {122},
pages = {298–305},
abstract = {A ten-week feeding trial evaluated the feasibility of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) as a fishmeal substitute in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) diets. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with different inclusion levels of FK (0 (fishmeal group), 43, 86, 129, 172 and 215 g/kg) were formulated to replace 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/kg fishmeal, respectively. The results showed that FK inclusion level could reach 129 g/kg without significantly affecting growth or feed coefficient rate (P > 0.05), while growth performance was decreased and feed coefficient rate increased when FK inclusion levels exceeded 129 g/kg (P < 0.05). Increase in FK inclusion levels tended to reduce plasma total cholesterol and total triglyceride whilst plasma total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in FK treatment groups were unchanged compared with fishmeal group (P > 0.05). FK inclusion levels at 43 g/kg and 86 g/kg were not detrimental to intestinal morphology whilst it was unfavourable when FK inclusion levels exceeded 86 g/kg as the total length of intestinal wall thickness and villus height, villus height were obviously decreased compared with fishmeal group (P < 0.05). As regards to inflammatory cytokine genes, FK instead of fishmeal increased the expression levels of TLR2, RelA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and TGF-β, 43 g/kg and 86 g/kg FK decreased the expression level of Caspase-3 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 129 g/kg FK can replace 150 g/kg fishmeal without negative effects on the growth performance, and replacing 100 g/kg fishmeal with 86 g/kg FK is more beneficial to intestinal health.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A ten-week feeding trial evaluated the feasibility of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) as a fishmeal substitute in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) diets. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with different inclusion levels of FK (0 (fishmeal group), 43, 86, 129, 172 and 215 g/kg) were formulated to replace 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/kg fishmeal, respectively. The results showed that FK inclusion level could reach 129 g/kg without significantly affecting growth or feed coefficient rate (P > 0.05), while growth performance was decreased and feed coefficient rate increased when FK inclusion levels exceeded 129 g/kg (P < 0.05). Increase in FK inclusion levels tended to reduce plasma total cholesterol and total triglyceride whilst plasma total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in FK treatment groups were unchanged compared with fishmeal group (P > 0.05). FK inclusion levels at 43 g/kg and 86 g/kg were not detrimental to intestinal morphology whilst it was unfavourable when FK inclusion levels exceeded 86 g/kg as the total length of intestinal wall thickness and villus height, villus height were obviously decreased compared with fishmeal group (P < 0.05). As regards to inflammatory cytokine genes, FK instead of fishmeal increased the expression levels of TLR2, RelA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and TGF-β, 43 g/kg and 86 g/kg FK decreased the expression level of Caspase-3 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 129 g/kg FK can replace 150 g/kg fishmeal without negative effects on the growth performance, and replacing 100 g/kg fishmeal with 86 g/kg FK is more beneficial to intestinal health.
The inclusion of SCPs in feed does not affect its attractability to shrimp Journal Article
M. Longshaw;J. Sawanboonchun;W. Phromkunthong;N. Nuntapong;B. Bamrung
In: Aquafeed, vol. 14, pp. 29–31, 2022.
Fish nutrition Trade magazine
@article{longshaw_inclusion_2022,
title = {The inclusion of SCPs in feed does not affect its attractability to shrimp},
author = {Matt Longshaw and Jarin Sawanboonchun and Wutiporn Phromkunthong and Nutt Nuntapong and Baranee Bamrung},
url = {https://issuu.com/aquafeed.com/docs/aquafeed_0122_pr_no_bleed/s/14656352},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-04-26},
journal = {Aquafeed},
volume = {14},
pages = {29–31},
abstract = {Feedkind Methylococcus capsulatus Vannamei},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Feedkind Methylococcus capsulatus Vannamei