Publications

@article{longshaw_checklist_2026,

title = {A checklist of parasites of freshwater fish of the British Isles—Kennedy revisited, reviewed and reassessed},

author = {Matt Longshaw and Chris Williams and Amy Reading and Andrew P. Shinn},

url = {https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5825.1.1},

doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5825.1.1},

issn = {1175-5334, 1175-5326},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-06-01},

urldate = {2026-06-05},

journal = {Zootaxa},

volume = {5825},

number = {1},

pages = {1–198},

abstract = {This review addresses the current state of knowledge regarding freshwater fish parasites in the British Isles, highlighting the significant gap since kennedy’s seminal 1974 work (Journal of Fish Biology 6: 613–644). Despite subsequent efforts by others to produce checklists in 1992 and 2016, comprehensive updates to parasite distribution patterns and species records have been limited. The paper emphasises the importance of accurate parasite checklists for understanding the status of and changes to endemic species baselines, climate change impacts, managing fish translocations, and identifying novel infections. Historical records, including paleoparasitological findings from archaeological deposits, provide valuable insights into parasite distribution patterns, though pre-1900s data requires careful interpretation due to taxonomic limitations. This study provides compiled parasite and host lists from published and unpublished records, creating a database that includes host species, parasite nomenclature, organ location, geographical distribution, and reference information. The current compilation details 339 named parasite species in 147 genera from 58 hosts (52 Protista, 3 Microsporidia, 54 Myxozoa, 83 “Monogenea” (79 Monopisthocotyla, 4 Polyopisthocotyla), 58 Digenea and Aspidogastrea, 33 Cestoda, 21 Nematoda, 7 Acanthocephala, 5 Hirudinea, 14 Copepoda, 4 Branchiura, and 5 Mollusca). A further 69 parasites identified to genus or class level have been reported, bringing the total number of parasites reported in the British Isles to 408. Several challenges are identified, including data transposition errors in previous works, sampling method inconsistencies, difficulties in accessing unpublished data, scant repositories to retrospectively evaluate findings, absence of molecular and taxonomic rigour, and the impact of anthropogenic activities on parasite distributions. As a result, any list may represent a significant underestimate of species presence and diversity. The review concludes by recommending future research directions, emphasising the need for combined molecular and morphological approaches, standardised documentation methods, and increased focus on under-represented taxa to enhance our understanding of freshwater fish parasites in the British Isles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bass_one_2025,

title = {One Health in Fish and Shellfish},

author = {David Bass and Sandrine Baron and Marie-Agnes Travers and Matt Longshaw and Olga Haenen and Marie-Agnes Travers and Matt Longshaw and Olga Haenen},

url = {https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00948/106007/},

doi = {10.48045/001c.124752},

issn = {0108-0288},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-11-13},

journal = {Bulletin Of The European Association Of Fish Pathologists},

volume = {45},

number = {1},

pages = {1–18},

publisher = {Eur Assoc Fish Pathologists},

abstract = {one health is a term increasingly in focus on a global scale. the one health concept grew from a centuries-old understanding of the connectedness of human and animal health and the need to consider them together. this is not only the case in the interaction between humans and warm-blooded animals but also related to contact with cold-blooded animals like fish and shellfish, produced for food, or as pet or laboratory animals. during this three hour virtual workshop held during the 21st eafp conference, at aberdeen, scotland, we aimed at highlighting a one health approach regarding the interactions of cultured and ornamental fish, shellfish, their environment, pathogens, human health, and human sociological and economic activity, contact- and food-zoonoses by bacteria and parasites, and amr issues. in total, more than 65 participants from various countries from all over the world participated in this workshop. this paper provides a summary of each presentation and some of the discussions arising from them, giving a snapshot of different one health perspectives being pursued by the participants.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{foster_re-examination_2025,

title = {Re-examination of archived materials reveals infection of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha in UK waters with the parasite Haplosporidium raabei},

author = {Rachel Foster and Jasmine Hunt and Kelly Bateman and Matthew Green and William Ball and Matt Longshaw and Laura Heath and Paul Stebbing and Georgia Ward},

doi = {10.1007/s10530-025-03545-0},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Biological Invasions},

volume = {27},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {Recent increased interest in the role of invasive bivalve species in the translocation of non-native parasite and symbiont species prompted the re-examination of archived samples of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha collected in 2012 and 2013 from Cardiff Bay, Wales and Grafham Water, England. Histopathological survey of parasites and pests identified the presence of haplosporidian-like cells. Comparison of these cells with the published description and digitally scanned tissue sections of the type of material of Haplosporidium raabei indicated the presence of H. raabei in established populations of zebra mussels in the UK. Confirmatory FFPE DNA extraction and targeted PCR confirmed the molecular identity of the parasite. This is the first record of the lethal, but presumed rare, zebra mussel parasite in UK waters, and demonstrates the value of archive samples for invasive parasite records. The translocation and establishment of this freshwater mussel pathogen should be further researched, given the current ecologically threatened status of native freshwater mussels.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shinn_global_2023,

title = {A global review of problematic and pathogenic parasites of farmed tilapia},

author = {Andrew P. Shinn and Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage and Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso and Armando J. Cruz-Laufer and Adriana García-Vásquez and Jesús S. Hernández-Orts and Roman Kuchta and Matt Longshaw and Matthijs Metselaar and Antoine Pariselle and Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León and Pravata Kumar Pradhan and Miguel Rubio-Godoy and Neeraj Sood and Maarten P. M. Vanhove and Marty R. Deveney},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/raq.12742},

doi = {10.1111/raq.12742},

issn = {1753-5131},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-03-16},

journal = {Reviews in Aquaculture},

volume = {15},

number = {S1},

pages = {92–153},

abstract = {Over the past 80 years, tilapia have been translocated globally for aquaculture; active production is recorded in >124 countries. Of 7 million tonnes of tilapia produced in aquaculture, 79% is from 79 countries outside the natural range of tilapia. Capture fisheries account for a further 723,627 tonnes of tilapia, and >47% of this is landed from established invasive populations outside Africa. Tilapias host a rich fauna of parasites, many of which have been translocated with their hosts. This review summarises >2500 host–parasite records from 73+ countries and >820 recorded tilapia translocations (provided in the supplementary materials). This work focuses on the notable pathogens that threaten the health of cultured populations of tilapia, providing a description of their pathology and includes species that also have substantial impacts on wild tilapia populations, where relevant. For each major parasite taxonomic group, we highlight which parasites have been translocated or have been acquired from the new environments into which tilapia have been introduced, together with remarks on standard treatment approaches and research on them and their management and control. Regarding the theme ‘Tilapia health: quo vadis?’, Africa has enormous potential for aquaculture growth, but substantial knowledge gaps about tilapia parasites in many African states remain, which creates associated production and biosecurity risks. For each parasitic group, therefore, the risks of parasite translocation to new regions as tilapia aquaculture industries expand are highlighted.},

note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/raq.12742},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{macphail_vibrio_2021,

title = {Vibrio species are predominantly intracellular within cultures of Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)},

author = {David P. C. MacPhail and Rhea Koppenstein and Sutherland K. Maciver and Richard Paley and Matt Longshaw and Fiona L. Henriquez},

url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848620329203},

doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736083},

issn = {00448486},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-01},

journal = {Aquaculture},

volume = {532},

pages = {736083},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{macphail_bacterial_2019,

title = {The bacterial microbiome of in vitro cultures of Paramoeba perurans},

author = {David MacPhail and Rhea Koppenstein and Matt Longshaw and Fiona Henriquez},

url = {https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0429},

doi = {10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0429},

issn = {2516-8290},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-03-01},

journal = {Access Microbiology},

volume = {1},

number = {1A},

publisher = {Microbiology Society},

abstract = {Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) is a major problem in the aquaculture industry, as it is responsible for substantial losses of farmed Atlantic salmon in various worldwide locations. The disease is caused by the usually free-living Paramoeba perurans compromising the gills through the resulting development of hyperplastic lesions and lamellar fusion. These structural changes result in a reduction in the functional surface area of the gill tissues. Recent research has focused on identifying bacteria present within a culture of P. perurans, through performing isolation and identification of bacteria present in the cultures using 16S sequencing. Further NGS sequencing was performed from various culture conditions to provide insight into the changes of the bacterial microbiome during amoeba culture. As attempts to isolate the amoeba from the bacterial contamination has been unsuccessful, consideration into a possible symbiotic relationship between the amoeba and bacteria was considered. A filtering method was used to attempt to identify the genera of bacteria present within the amoeba. The isolation and 16S sequencing identified the presence of various marine bacteria, including those of the Pseudoalteromonas, Halomonas, Cellulophaga and Mesonia genera. The NGS sequencing identified a substantial proportion of sequences to match the Vibrio genus and suggests an association between this genus and the amoeba. If symbiotic relationships between specific bacteria and amoeba can be confirmed, the bacteria could potentially be used as an indicator organism for the risk of AGD outbreak. It may also provide an indirect target for the control and treatment of AGD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{flannery_interlaboratory_2014,

title = {Interlaboratory variability in screening for Bonamia ostreae, a protistan parasite of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis.},

author = {G Flannery and SA Lynch and M Longshaw and D Stone and P Martin and A Ramillo and Antonio Villalba and Sarah C Culloty},

url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2014/110/d110p093.pdf},

doi = {10.3354/dao02717},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {110},

pages = {93–99},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{hartikainen_mikrocytids_2014,

title = {Mikrocytids are a broadly distributed and divergent radiation of parasites in aquatic invertebrates},

author = {H. Hartikainen and G. D. Stentiford and K. S. Bateman and C. Berney and S. W. Feist and M. Longshaw and B. Okamura and D. Stone and G. Ward and C. Wood and D. Bass},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.033},

issn = {09609822},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {24},

number = {7},

pages = {807–812},

abstract = {Microcell parasites have independently evolved in several eukaryotic lineages and are increasingly recognized as important and emerging pathogens of diverse hosts, including species of economic importance subject to international legislation concerning the trading of aquatic animals [1-3]. The microcell Mikrocytos mackini causes Denman Island disease of oysters and represents one of the most genetically divergent eukaryotes known. Mikrocytos has remained an isolated lineage with a limited distribution. We investigated two emerging diseases of juvenile crabs and oysters from the UK using massively parallel sequencing and targeted primer approaches to reveal that their causative agents are highly divergent lineages related to M. mackini (Paramikrocytos canceri n. gen. et n. sp. and M. mimicus sp. nov., respectively). We demonstrate a major new globally distributed parasite radiation (Mikrocytida ord. nov.) with phylogenetic affinities to the commercially important haplosporidian parasites of invertebrates. Mikrocytids have eluded detection because of their small size, intracellular habit, and extreme sequence divergence. P. canceri was frequently detected in a range of shoreline invertebrates, demonstrating that these newly recognized parasites are in fact common, diverse, and widespread and should be considered when assessing the risks of aquaculture activities, invasive species spread, and movements of ballast water and sediments with associated invertebrates. Video Abstract © 2014 The Authors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{laing_epidemiology_2014,

title = {Epidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012},

author = {I Laing and P Dunn and E J Peeler and S W Feist and M Longshaw},

doi = {10.3354/dao02647},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {110},

pages = {101–111},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_review_2013,

title = {A review of the infectious agents, parasites, pathogens and commensals of European cockles (Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum)},

author = {M Longshaw and S K Malham},

doi = {10.1017/S0025315412000537},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},

volume = {93},

number = {1},

pages = {227–247},

abstract = {A systematic review of the parasites, pathogens and commensals of the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and of the lagoon cockle (Cerastoderma glaucum) has been completed. A total of 59 different conditions have been reported throughout the range of both of these hosts; of these 50 have been reported in edible cockles, and 28 in lagoon cockles. Cockles are hosts to viruses, bacteria, fungi (including Microsporidia), Apicomplexa, Amoeba, Ciliophora, Perkinsozoa, Haplosporidia, Cercozoa, Turbellaria, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Crustacea and Nemertea. A number of these have been reported sporadically although they may be associated with mortalities. In particular, mortalities have been associated predominately with digeneans and some protistan infections. In many cases pathology is marked in affected animals and parasites have been shown to reduce fecundity, alter burrowing behaviour and limit growth. The review provides information on the individual and population effects of these conditions as well as providing suggestions for future research. In particular, there has been a lack of taxonomic rigour applied to many studies and as a result there are a number of erroneous host records. There is a need to re-describe a number of parasite species and to determine the lifecycle of those considered to be important mortality drivers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_detection_2013,

title = {Detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in European flat oysters Ostrea edulis cultivated in mainland Britain},

author = {M Longshaw and D M Stone and G Wood and M J Green and P White},

url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v106/n2/p173-179/},

doi = {10.3354/dao02643},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {106},

number = {2},

pages = {173–179},

abstract = {ABSTRACT: Following a reported mortality event of European flat oysters Ostrea edulis in southwestern England in December 2010, a sample of 30 oysters was examined using histology and molecular techniques. Histological examination of the oysters revealed the presence of microcell stages in the haemocytes and connective tissues of 3 out of the 30 animals examined. One animal showing marked haemocyte infiltration of the connective tissues was considered to be infected with Bonamia ostreae based on the presence of small uninucleate microcells measuring approximately 1 to 1.5 �m in diameter. Two other oysters were considered by histology to be infected with B. exitiosa. Infected haemocytes contained up to 5 microcells, measuring approximately 2 to 3 �m in diameter with a central or subcentral nucleus. Rarely, larger plasmodia-like multinucleated stages were noted in the haemocyte cytoplasm characterised by its irregular shape and increased eosinophilic cytoplasm. Haemocyte infiltration of the connective tissues surrounding the digestive gland and the mantle was noted along with necrosis of the tissues associated with the infection. Molecular analysis of the infected animals confirmed the presence of B. exitiosa in the sample. This study describes the parasite from flat oysters cultured in the UK; subsequent targeted sampling has not detected the parasite in flat oyster populations at this or other sites within the UK.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_histopathological_2012,

title = {Histopathological survey of pathogens and commensals of white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) in England and Wales},

author = {M Longshaw and P D Stebbing and K S Bateman and F A Hockley},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201112000341},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.005},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {110},

number = {1},

pages = {54–59},

abstract = {A histopathological survey of white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) from six rivers in England and Wales was conducted between November 2007 and September 2011. A. pallipes bacilliform virus (ApBV) was present in four samples; infected crayfish showed pathological responses ranging from mild hypertrophy of infected nuclei and emargination of chromatin through to loss of architecture of the hepatopancreatic cells. Crayfish were found to be hosts to two different ciliate species, mites, nematodes, digeneans and the microsporidian Thelohania contejeani. The variation in disease presence between populations highlights the importance of conducting appropriate surveys of native crayfish prior to movement of animals to refugia sites for relocation, restocking or breeding programmes},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_parasites_2012,

title = {Parasites and pathogens of the endosymbiotic pea crab (Pinnotheres pisum) from blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in England},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist and K S Bateman},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201111002497},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.011},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-02-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {109},

number = {2},

pages = {235–242},

abstract = {A histopathological survey of the commensal pea crab (Pinnotheres pisum) from the mantle cavities of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) has been conducted. A total of 266 pea crabs from eight sites around the English coastline were examined. Of these, 82 were negative for any visible infections by histology. The remaining pea crabs were infected with an intranuclear bacilliform virus designated as P. pisum bacilliform virus (PpBV) in the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells, peritrichous ciliates on the gills, an intracytoplasmic microsporidian infection of the hepatopancreatocytes, a myophilic microsporidian infection, the gregarine Cephaloidophora fossor in the hepatopancreas, the entoniscid isopod Pinnotherion vermiforme, a low level nematode infection and an acanthocephalan cystacanth. Host reactions to infections were generally subdued. Results are discussed in relation to the endocommensal habitat of the pea crabs},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{alaya_pathogens_2012,

title = {Pathogens and parasites of the black-striped pipefish (Syngnathus abaster) from the Tunis North Lake, Tunisia},

author = {H B Alaya and M Trabelsi and M Longshaw},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science},

volume = {1},

number = {2},

pages = {99–104},

abstract = {The black-striped pipefish, Syngnathus abaster member of the Syngnathidae family, is a small species occurring in either brackish or fresh waters associated with vegetated habitats, few data are known about the anomalies that encounter the species in coastal lagoons and estuaries. A survey of S. abaster from the Tunis north lagoon (Tunisia), where the species occurs and breeds among vegetation, was conducted during 2007-2011, a multitude of anomalies were observed in external bodies and guts of some specimens of S.abaster and were suspected to be related to parasitic infections. The parasitic analysis were made in 2011 and revealed the presence of a number of visible cysts in the epidermis, musculature and intestine. A focussed histological study of the fish revealed the presence of microsporidian infections in the epidermis, musculature and the intestine. In addition, a coccidian infection of the intestine and a systemic digenean infection were noted. Pathology associated with the myotrophic microsporidian consisted mainly of pressure atrophy and disruption of affected muscles, whilst the gut-dwelling microsporidian infection may have affect absorption rates. Other infections were considered relatively benign. The results are discussed in relation to the general ecology of the host. In conclusion, it is suggested in this study to assess the health status of S. abaster in the lagoon using more data about the impact of such infections on the fish behaviour and to study the transmission of the parasites in this area to commercial fish.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bateman_virus-like_2012,

title = {Virus-like particles associated with mortalities of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in England},

author = {K S Bateman and P White and M Longshaw},

url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v99/n2/p163-167/},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02462},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {99},

number = {2},

pages = {163–167},

abstract = {Mortalities of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) were reported in southern England (Kent and Poole Harbour) during late spring of 2008. In response to these reported mortalities, samples were collected from 5 sites across the south coast of England. Clams were sampled for both histology and electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed unenveloped virus-like particles within the connective tissue of the gills and surrounding the tubules in the digestive gland. The virus-like particles appeared to be free within the cytoplasm or associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes and cytoplasmic vesicles. Particles were icosahedral in shape, with a diameter of 25 to 30 nm. The location, size and morphology of the virus-like particles suggest that they belong to the Picornaviridae family. This is the first report of this virus infection in wild and farmed R. philippinarum within the UK.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_anisakis_2012,

title = {Anisakis larvae ("herringworm"; Nematoda) in fish},

author = {M Longshaw},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {ICES identification leaflets for diseases and parasites of fish and shellfish},

volume = {8},

pages = {1–5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_pseudoterranova_2012,

title = {Pseudoterranova larvae ("codworm"; Nematoda) in fish},

author = {M Longshaw},

url = {dfbdfb},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {ICES Fiche},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_disease_2012,

title = {Disease risks associated with the importation and release of non-native crayfish species in mainland Britain},

author = {M Longshaw and K S Bateman and P Stebbing and G D Stentiford and F A Hockley},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00417},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Aquatic Biology},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

abstract = {A full histological survey of 782 non-indigenous crayfish established in riverine habitats or imported into the United Kingdom through the aquarium trade has been conducted. Selected populations were subjected to further bacteriological, molecular and ultrastructural studies to characterise disease conditions. Pacifastacus leniusculus, Orconectes virilis and Astacus leptodactylus, were obtained from 17 riverine sites in mainland Britain. Additionally Cambarellus patzcuarensis, Cherax quadricarinatus, Procambarus clarkii and P. fallax were obtained from 8 pet shops whilst C. patzcuarensis, Cherax peknyi, C. quadricarinatus and P. clarkii were seized at point of entry into mainland Britain. Tests for infections were negative in the majority of P. leniusculus (66.4%); the rest were infected with at least one pathogen or commensal including an intranuclear bacilliform virus and a novel Spiroplasma sp. of male Sertoli cells. Low level bacterial and ciliate infections and commensal mites and ostracods also occurred on or in established signal crayfish. The established population of O. virilis was found to be negative for any visible infections; one shipment of P. clarkii and one aquarium held population of C. quadricarinatus were also found to contain no visible infections. One shipment of P. clarkii from Singapore was infected with white spot virus (WSSV). Bacterial species isolated from crayfish included Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, Citrobacter freundii, Grimontia hollisae, Hafnia alvei, Pastuerella multicida and Weeksella virosa. Results are discussed in relation to the enemy release hypothesis and considers the risk associated with the transboundary trade in non-indigenous crayfish as a potential source of disease to native crayfish species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_applicability_2012,

title = {Applicability of sampling environmental DNA for aquatic diseases},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist and B Oidtmann and D M Stone},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists},

volume = {32},

number = {2},

pages = {69–76},

abstract = {Abstract We consider the applicability of using newly developed methods for the detection of aquatic pathogens with a focus on Gyrodactylus salaris as a model species. Whilst there is huge potential for the method to be used in detection of pathogens, it is probable that the technique is currently limited by a lack of data on shedding rates and survival of infectious agents as well as a lack of data on stability of pathogen DNA under different environmental conditions. Future work should address some of these gaps in our knowledge prior to full implementation of the proposed approach for pathogen detection in the absence of disease manifestation},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{verner-jeffreys_zoonotic_2012,

title = {Zoonotic disease pathogens in fish used for pedicure},

author = {D. W. Verner-Jeffreys and C. Baker-Austin and M. J. Pond and G. S. E. Rimmer and R. Kerr and D. Stone and R. Griffin and P. White and N. Stinton and K. Denham and J. Leigh and N. Jones and M. Longshaw and S. W. Feist},

doi = {10.3201/eid1806.111782},

issn = {10806040},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},

volume = {18},

number = {6},

pages = {1006–1008},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{brooker_effect_2011,

title = {The effect of octopaminergic compounds on the behaviour and transmission of Gyrodactylus},

author = {A Brooker and M Grano-Maldonado and S Irving and J E Bron and M Longshaw and A P Shinn},

url = {http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/4/1/207},

doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-4-207},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Parasites & Vectors},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {207},

abstract = {BACKGROUND:The high transmission potential of species belonging to the monogenean parasite genus Gyrodactylus, coupled with their high fecundity, allows them to rapidly colonise new hosts and to increase in number. One gyrodactylid, Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, has been responsible for devastation of Altantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations in a number of Norwegian rivers. Current methods of eradicating G. salaris from river systems centre around the use of non-specific biocides, such as rotenone and aluminium sulphate.Although transmission routes in gyrodactylids have been studied extensively, the behaviour of individual parasites has received little attention. Specimens of Gyrodactylus gasterostei Glaser, 1974 and G. arcuatus Bychowsky, 1933, were collected from the skin of their host, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), and permitted to attach to the substrate. The movements of individual parasites were recorded and analysed.RESULTS:The behaviour patterns of the two species were similar and parasites were more active in red light and darkness than in white light. Four octopaminergic compounds were tested and all four inhibited the movements of parasites. Treatment ultimately led to death at low concentrations (0.2 muM), although prolonged exposure was necessary in some instances.CONCLUSIONS:Octopaminergic compounds may affect the parasite's ability to locate and remain on its host and these or related compounds might provide alternative or supplementary treatments for the control of G. salaris infections. With more research there is potential for use of octopaminergic compounds, which have minimal effects on the host or its environment, as parasite-specific treatments against G. salaris infections},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{grano-maldonado_accidental_2011,

title = {The accidental transfer of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea) during short duration fish transportation},

author = {M I Grano-Maldonado and J E Bron and M Longshaw and A P Shinn},

doi = {10.3147/jsfp.46.71},

issn = {0388788X},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Fish Pathology},

volume = {46},

number = {3},

pages = {71–79},

abstract = {The potential of parasite transfer to an alternative host during short periods of cohabitation was explored._@The work described in this paper suggests that either the field sampling process itself or the subsequent transportation of multiple fish species in the same container, may affect the correct allocation of parasites to hosts, and the diagnosis, management and control of gyrodactylosis in a variety of fish._@ Gyrodactylus infected specimens of three-spine sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, minnows Phoxinus phoxinus and stone loach Barbatula barbatula from one Scottish river were cohabited with one another in small volumes of water for 3 h._@The study found that a small number of Gyrodactylus spp. transfer to atypical hosts._@This study indicates that personnel involved in fish disease surveillance programmes should be aware of the possible consequences, in terms of inter-host transfer, of transporting multiple species in the same transport vessel._@Diagnosticians should be aware of the facts that fish may act as temporary/paratenic hosts and that the apparent gyrodactylid fauna present following transport may not reflect that encountered under normal circumstances},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_diseases_2011,

title = {Diseases of crayfish: A review},

author = {M Longshaw},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJV-51W6NYJ-7/2/6efe55992b4967afd31cba5be0211a33},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.013},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {106},

number = {1},

pages = {54–70},

abstract = {A systematic review of parasites, pathogens and commensals of freshwater crayfish has been conducted. All major groups of disease causing agents have been covered including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protistans and metazoans. Most agents tend to cause limited problems for crayfish. Exceptions to this include fungi, bacteria and viruses. However, in many cases, these tend to be isolated reports in either a specific geographical location or in individual animals. The apparent absence of pathology associated with these agents in crayfish should not be taken to suggest that movements of crayfish to new geographical areas is necessarily acceptable. Several examples are given where seemingly healthy animals have been moved to new areas leading to mortality of other crayfish within the same area as a direct result of transmission of pathogens to na�ve hosts. Some future research needs are proposed, including the need for pathogen characterisation and production of disease-free crayfish for aquaculture},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shinn_multi-centre_2010,

title = {Multi-centre testing and validation of current protocols for the identification of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea)},

author = {A. P. Shinn and C. Collins and A. García-Vásquez and M. Snow and I. Matějusová and G. Paladini and M. Longshaw and T. Lindenstrøm and D. M. Stone and J. F. Turnbull and S. M. Picon-Camacho and C. Vázquez Rivera and R. A. Duguid and T. A. Mo and H. Hansen and K. Olstad and J. Cable and P. D. Harris and R. Kerr and D. Graham and S. J. Monaghan and G. H. Yoon and K. Buchmann and N. G. H. Taylor and T. A. Bakke and R. Raynard and S. Irving and J. E. Bron},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7F-506W6TT-1/2/2803dfb711a12118d5b2e9a4a04012a2},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.016},

issn = {00207519},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-10-01},

journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},

volume = {40},

number = {12},

pages = {1455–1467},

abstract = {Despite routine screening requirements for the notifiable fish pathogen Gyrodactylus salaris, no standard operating procedure exists for its rapid identification and discrimination from other species of Gyrodactylus. This study assessed screening and identification efficiencies under real-world conditions for the most commonly employed identification methodologies: visual, morphometric and molecular analyses. Obtained data were used to design a best-practice processing and decision-making protocol allowing rapid specimen throughput and maximal classification accuracy. True specimen identities were established using a consensus from all three identification methods, coupled with the use of host and location information. The most experienced salmonid gyrodactylid expert correctly identified 95.1% of G. salaris specimens. Statistical methods of classification identified 66.7% of the G. salaris, demonstrating the need for much wider training. Molecular techniques (internal transcribed spacer region-restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS-RFLP)/cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequencing) conducted in the diagnostic laboratory most experienced in the analysis of gyrodactylid material, identified 100% of the true G. salaris specimens. Taking into account causes of potential specimen loss, the probabilities of a specimen being accurately identified were 95%, 87% and 92% for visual, morphometric and molecular techniques, respectively, and the probabilities of correctly identifying a specimen of G. salaris by each method were 81%, 58% and 92%. Inter-analyst agreement for 189 gyrodactylids assessed by all three methods using Fleiss' Kappa suggested substantial agreement in identification between the methods. During routine surveillance periods when low numbers of specimens are analysed, we recommend that specimens be analysed using the ITS-RFLP approach followed by sequencing of specimens with a "G. salaris-like" (i.e. G. salaris, Gyrodactylus thymalli) banding pattern. During periods of suspected outbreaks, where a high volume of specimens is expected, we recommended that specimens be identified using visual identification, as the fastest processing method, to select "G. salaris-like" specimens, which are subsequently identified by molecular-based techniques. © 2010.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_influence_2010,

title = {The influence of parasitism on fish population success},

author = {M Longshaw and P A Frear and A D Nunn and I G Cowx and S W Feist},

url = {10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00741.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00741.x},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Fisheries Management and Ecology},

volume = {17},

number = {5},

pages = {426–434},

abstract = {The influence of parasitism on first-year growth and recruitment success of two cyprinid species in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment, England, was investigated using a 14-year dataset. This study demonstrated a significant role of parasitism in growth and recruitment success of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and European chub, Squalius cephalus (L.) populations. Muscle infections by Bucephalus polymorphus Baer (Digenea), Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova (Myxozoa) and Myxobolus pfeifferi Thélohan were considered important, with significant relationships between these parasites and year-class strength and age-0 fish length. Other parasites, such as Phyllodistomum sp. and Goussia sp., were implicated in host success to a lesser extent. Parasitism may be a major factor in recruitment and account for a high proportion of the variation in year-class strength, although this varied among locations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_paramarteilia_2009,

title = {Paramarteilia canceri sp. n. (Cercozoa) in the European edible crab (Cancer pagurus) with a proposal for the revision of the order Paramyxida Chatton, 1911},

author = {S W Feist and P M Hine and K S Bateman and G D Stentiford and M Longshaw},

doi = {10.14411/fp.2009.012},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Folia Parasitologica},

volume = {56},

number = {2},

pages = {73–85},

abstract = {A new species, Paramarteilia canceri sp. n., is described using light and electron microscopy from the edible crab Cancer pagurus L. captured from the English Channel. No external symptoms were noted, although infected animals were typically lethargic and unresponsive to external stimuli. Organs of infected animals were shrunken and collapsed compared with apparently healthy individuals. Although the infection was systemic, marked host responses were only noted in the hepatopancreas where the parasite induced a pronounced haemocytic infi ltration. Prevalence of infection throughout the study was 1.1%, with a maximum monthly prevalence of 3%. The intracellular parasite was typically 15 ��m in length and composed of a primary cell containing up to three secondary cells derived by internal cleavage. Each secondary cell contains two bicellular spores. The parasite is readily differentiated from the other described paramyxean species by a combination of the number of secondary and tertiary cells. In light of this new discovery, a revision of the order Paramyxida Chatton, 1911 is proposed based upon comparison to the original descriptions of this parasite group in various species of invertebrate hosts. The proposed classifi cation is based on the number of cells within the spores (tertiary cells), so that only three genera remain within the order, namely Marteilia Grizel, Comps, Bonami, Cousserans, Duthoit et Le Pennec, 1974, Paramarteilia Ginsburger-Vogel et Desportes, 1979 and Paramyxa Chatton, 1911. Subsequent discrimination of species is based on a combination of the number of secondary cells within the primary cell and the number of tertiary cells within secondary cells. It is proposed that the genus Marteilioides Comps, Park et Desportes, 1986 is suppressed and the type species of the genus, M. chungmuensis Comps, Park et Desportes, 1986, is transferred to Marteilia and that the other representative of the genus, M. branchialis Anderson et Lester, 1992, is transferred to Paramarteilia. Further, Paramyxoides Larsson et K�ie, 2005 is considered as a junior synonym of Paramyxa and its type and only species, Paramyxoides nephtys Larsson et K�ie, 2005, is transferred to Paramyxa.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{haenen_zoonotic_2009,

title = {Zoonotic infections from fish and shellfish},

author = {O Haenen and J Evans and M Longshaw},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {European Association of Fish Pathologists},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{johnson_british_2009,

title = {The British river of the future: How climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in England},

author = {A C Johnson and M C Acreman and M J Dunbar and S W Feist and A M Giacomello and R E Gozlan and S A Hinsley and A T Ibbotson and H P Jarvie and I Jones and M Longshaw and S C Maberly and T J Marsh and C Neal and J R Newman and M A Nunn and R W Pickup and N S Reynard and C A Sullivan and J P Sumpter and R J Williams},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.018},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {407},

pages = {4787–4798},

abstract = {The possible effects of changing climate on a southern and a north-eastern English river (the Thames and the Yorkshire Ouse, respectively) were examined in relation to water and ecological quality throughout the food web. The CLASSIC hydrological model, driven by output from the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3), based on IPCC low and high CO2 emission scenarios for 2080 were used as the basis for the analysis. Compared to current conditions, the CLASSIC model predicted lower flows for both rivers, in all seasons except winter. Such an outcome would lead to longer residence times (by up to a month in the Thames), with nutrient, organic and biological contaminant concentrations elevated by 70-100% pro-rata, assuming sewage treatment effectiveness remains unchanged. Greater opportunities for phytoplankton growth will arise, and this may be significant in the Thames. Warmer winters and milder springs will favour riverine birds and increase the recruitment of many coarse fish species. However, warm, slow-flowing, shallower water would increase the incidence of fish diseases. These changing conditions would make southern UK rivers in general a less favourable habitat for some species of fish, such as the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Accidental or deliberate, introductions of alien macrophytes and fish may change the range of species in the rivers. In some areas, it is possible that a concurrence of different pressures may give rise to the temporary loss of ecosystem services, such as providing acceptable quality water for humans and industry. An increasing demand for water in southern England due to an expanding population, a possibly reduced flow due to climate change, together with theWater Framework Directive obligation to maintain water quality, will put extreme pressure on river ecosystems, such as the Thames},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{beck_anisakis_2008,

title = {Anisakis simplex sensu lato associated with red vent syndrome in wild adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in England and Wales},

author = {M Beck and R Evans and S W Feist and P Stebbing and M Longshaw and E Harris},

doi = {10.3354/dao01979},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {82},

number = {1},

pages = {61–65},

abstract = {Wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with swollen and/or bleeding vents (red vent syndrome) have been observed in rivers across England and Wales. Low numbers of salmon with this condition have previously been recorded, but reports have increased in 2006 and 2007. Affected and non-affected salmon were sampled from fish traps and their vent pathology was examined. Third stage larvae of the nematode Anisakis simplex sensu lato were observed in the tissue surrounding the vent in all affected fish. Histology of the vent showed gross lesions with an inflammatory response associated with non-encapsulated nematode worms in the connective tissue and skeletal muscle. The presence of the parasite in the unusual location of the vent areas, with associated haemorrhaging, is possibly a new emerging pathological association with the nematode A. simplex infection in Atlantic salmon. The reason for this unusual tissue tropism by larval A. simplex and the significance on already depleted salmon stocks are currently unknown},

note = {ISBN: 0177-5103},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_histopathology_2008,

title = {Histopathology of fish parasite infections - importance for populations},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02060.xDigital Object Identifier (DOI)},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},

volume = {73},

pages = {2143–2160},

abstract = {There is a bewildering array of fish parasites and probably all fish species harbour one or more species. Under normal conditions hosts often show little or no signs of infection, either clinically or at the organ and tissue level. All tissues can be infected, including the blood. Coelozoic species generally do not elicit significant host responses. Any developmental stages, however, where these migrate through the host tissues may produce a cellular response if resident for sufficient time. Histozoic parasites are generally more likely to evoke a pathological response since they are invariably in more intimate contact with immunocompetent host cells such as lymphocytes and phagocytes. In some cases, particularly with protistan infections, host response can be dramatic and cause significant disease due to organ dysfunction, with subsequent mortalities. Infections of the external epithelia caused by a variety of parasites including Monogenea and Copepoda are also significant, especially when large numbers are present. Resulting tissue necrosis compromises osmoregulation and facilitates entry of prokaryote infections. Parasites have numerous strategies to evade detection within the host, but even protected intracellular forms, e.g. microsporeans and muscle-invading myxozoans are recognized when they outgrow their accommodation or large cysts rupture, presenting parasite antigens to the host. In most instances, an evolutionary balance has been achieved between the host and the parasite and even when histopathology is evident, this is frequently localized and does not unduly impair performance of the affected organ. Examples include chronic inflammation, granuloma formation and focal fibrosis. This paper outlines the principle histopathological responses to a variety of parasite groups and provides a more detailed treatment of selected parasitic infections in marine and freshwater fish species to illustrate the relative importance of acute and chronic parasitic infections for host survival},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{peeler_assessment_2008,

title = {An assessment of the variation in the prevalence of renal myxosporidiosis and hepatitis in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., within and between rivers in South-West England},

author = {E J Peeler and S W Feist and M Longshaw and M A Thrush and S St-Hilaire},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00942.x},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {31},

number = {10},

pages = {719–728},

abstract = {The prevalence of renal myxosporidiosis in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta, in seven river catchments In South-West England was investigated. Three hundred and twenty-seven fish were sampled from 16 sites, of which 54 (16.5%) were found, by histological examination of the kidney, to be infected with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease. No T bryosalmonae infected fish were found in one river catchment, in other catchments the prevalence ranged from 2.5% to 36%. Hepatitis was strongly associated with the presence of T. bryosalmonae (odds ratio = 20.2, P < 0.001). Chloromyxum schurovi was found in 25% of fish and in six of seven river catchments, where the prevalence ranged from 2.4% to 63%. There was a strong negative association between the presence of T. bryosalmonae and C. schurovi (odds ratio = 0.10, P < 0.001). A hierarchical binomal model of the variance indicated that for T. bryosalmonae most of the variance existed at the site level, whereas for C schurovi most variance existed at the river catchment level, suggesting that prevalence of T. bryosalmonae infection is determined largely by site level factors (e.g. presence of alternate host). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.2 and 0.4 for T. bryosalmonae and C schurovi, respectively, indicating the latter has higher effective transmission because of a higher level of infectiousness and/or abundance of alternate oligochaete hosts. These values can be used In future Studies to estimate the sample sizes required to generate prevalence estimates with the required precision},

note = {ISBN: 0140-7775},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{small_laser-assisted_2008,

title = {Laser-assisted microdissection: a new tool for aquatic molecular parasitology},

author = {H J Small and J Sturve and J P Bignell and M Longshaw and B P Lyons and R Hicks and S W Feist and G D Stentiford},

doi = {10.3354/dao01983},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {82},

number = {2},

pages = {151–156},

abstract = {Laser-assisted microdissection (LMD) has been developed to isolate distinct cell populations from heterogeneous tissue sections, cytological preparations, or live cell samples. Downstream applications typically include gene expression studies using real-time PCR and array platforms, diagnostic PCR, and protein expression studies. LMD techniques are now commonplace in mainstream biological research and clearly have suitable applications in the field of aquatic pathology and parasitology. The present study used LMD to isolate 2 dinoflagellate parasites (Hematodinium spp.) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 2 crustacean hosts, Cancer pagurus and Portunus trituberculatus. DNA was isolated from LMD parasite preparations, and partial regions (up to 300 bp) of the small subunit and the first internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene complex from the Hematodinium spp. were PCR amplified using diagnostic primers. The amplification products were sequenced to confirm the identity of the targeted regions, The techniques, applications, and limitations of LMD to address questions in aquatic molecular pathology and parasitology are discussed},

note = {ISBN: 0177-5103},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stentiford_enterospora_2007,

title = {Enterospora canceri n. gen., n. sp., intranuclear within the hepatopancreatocytes of the European edible crab Cancer pagurus},

author = {G D Stentiford and K S Bateman and M Longshaw and S W Feist},

doi = {10.3354/dao075061},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {75},

number = {1},

pages = {61–72},

abstract = {Only 1 genus (Nucleospora) within 1 family (Enterocytozoonidae) of the Microsporidia contains species that are parasitic within the nuclei of their host cells; to date, all described intranuclear Nucleospora spp. parasitise fish. This study describes the first intranuclear microsporidian parasite of an invertebrate, the European edible crab Cancer pagurus L. (Decapoda: Cancridae). Infected crabs displayed no obvious external signs, and maximum apparent prevalence of infection within a monthly sample was 3.45%. Infected hepatopancreatic tubules were characterised by varying numbers of hypertrophic and eosinophilic nuclei within epithelial cells. Parasite stages appeared as eosinophilic granular accumulations causing margination of host chromatin. In advanced cases, the tubule epithelia degenerated, with parasites and sloughed epithelial cells appearing in tubule lumens. All life stages of the parasite were observed within host nuclei. Uninucleate meronts were not detected, although binucleate stages were observed, Multinucleate plasmodia (sporogonal plasmodia) contained up to 22 nuclei in section, and late-stage plasmodia contained multiple copies of apparatus resembling the polar filament and anchoring disk, apparently associated with individual plasmodial nuclei. As such, aggregation and early assembly of sporoblast components took place within the intact sporogonial plasmodium, a feature unique to the Enterocytozoonidae. Liberation of sporoblasts from plasmodia or the presence of liberated sporoblasts was not observed in this study. However, large numbers of maturing and mature spores (measuring 1.3 ± 0.02 x 0.7 ± 0.01 Μm) were frequently observed in direct contact with the host nucleoplasm. Considering the shared features of this parasite with microsporidians of the family Enterocytozoonidae, and the unique presence of this parasite within the nucleoplasm of decapod crustacean hepatopancreatocytes, this parasite (Enterospora canceri) is proposed as the type species of a new genus (Enterospora) of microsporidian. Molecular taxonomic work is now required, comparing Enterospora to Enterocytozoon and Nucleospora, the 2 other genera within the Enterocytozoonidae},

note = {ISBN: 0177-5103},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gozlan_effect_2006,

title = {Effect of microbial pathogens on the diversity of aquatic populations, notably in Europe},

author = {R E Gozlan and E J Peeler and M Longshaw and S St-Hilaire and S W Feist},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457906000207},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.010},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-04-01},

journal = {Microbes and Infection},

volume = {8},

number = {5},

pages = {1358–1364},

abstract = {The expansion of aquaculture and the demand for ornamental fish have resulted in the large-scale movements of aquatic animals and their pathogens. Here we review the most important non-native fish and shellfish pathogens in European waters and their global impacts on wild fish host populations. The role of theoretical models in the study of the impact of microbial pathogens is discussed, including its integration into risk assessments},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{morris_immunostaining_2006,

title = {Immunostaining of spores and plasmodia of disparate myxozoan genera with comments on the properties of the sporular mucus envelope},

author = {D. J. Morris and K. Molnár and M. Longshaw and A. Adams},

doi = {10.1017/S0031182005009807},

issn = {00311820},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Parasitology},

volume = {132},

number = {6},

pages = {781–790},

abstract = {Species of the phylum Myxozoa are common parasites of fish and can cause severe losses in cultured species. Although a number of myxozoan life-cycles have now been elucidated, little is known about the biology of these organisms in the fish host. Monoclonal antibody B4 raised to the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae has been previously noted to react with a number of species infecting fish kidney. We present the results of a survey of 55 myxosporean species that determined that this antibody detects an antigen on the spore surface of 33 of these species in the genera Myxobolus, Sphaerospora and Thelohanellus. However, there appears to be no clear relationship between those spores that contain the MAb B4 reactive antigen and the host or organ in which they are detected. The antigen appears to be synthesized in the plasmodial cytoplasm and is intimately associated with the surface of the spore capsules and, where present, the mucus envelope. The nature of this envelope is further discussed in relation to its formation and distinctive properties. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{canning_microgemma_2005,

title = {Microgemma vivaresi n. sp. (Microsporidia, Tetramicridae), infecting liver and skeletal muscle of sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis (Euphrasen 1786) (Osteichthyes, Cottidae), an inshore, littoral fish},

author = {E. U. Canning and S. W. Feist and M. Longshaw and B. Okamura and C. L. Anderson and M. T. Tse and A. Curry},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.04-3325.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.04-3325.x},

issn = {10665234},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-03-01},

journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},

volume = {52},

number = {2},

pages = {123–131},

abstract = {Abstract. The ultrastructure of a new microsporidian species Microgemma vivaresi n. sp. causing liver cell xenoma formation in sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis, is described. Stages of merogony, sporogony, and sporogenesis are mixed in the central cytoplasm of developing xenomas. All stages have unpaired nuclei. Uninucleate and multinucleate meronts lie within vacuoles formed from host endoplasmic reticulum and divide by binary or multiple fission. Sporonts, no longer in vacuoles, deposit plaques of surface coat on the plasma membrane that cause the surface to pucker. Division occurs at the puckered stage into sporoblast mother cells, on which plaques join up to complete the surface coat. A final binary fission gives rise to sporoblasts. A dense globule, thought to be involved in polar tube synthesis, is gradually dispersed during spore maturation. Spores are broadly ovoid, have a large posterior vacuole, and measure 3.6-�++m +� 2.1-�++m (fresh). The polar tube has a short wide anterior section that constricts abruptly, then runs posteriad to coil about eight times around the posterior vacuole with granular contents. The polaroplast has up to 40 membranes arranged in pairs mostly attached to the wide region of the polar tube and directed posteriorly around a cytoplasm of a coarsely granular appearance. The species is placed alongside the type species Microgemma hepaticusRalphs and Matthews 1986 within the family Tetramicridae, which is transferred from the class Dihaplophasea to the class Haplophasea, as there is no evidence for the occurrence of a diplokaryotic phase},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{beyer_potential_2005,

title = {A potential role for invasive sunbleak in the further dissemination of a non-native parasite},

author = {K Beyer and D Kochanowska and M Longshaw and S W Feist and R E Gozlan},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00859.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00859.x},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},

volume = {67},

number = {6},

pages = {1730–1733},

abstract = {Since its first introduction to English waters in the mid 1980s, sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus has spread widely and it is shown in the present study that this non-native cyprinid is a new host for Neoergasilus japonicus. This copepod parasite from South East Asia has a limited host range and distribution in the U.K. Rapid dispersal of sunbleak in the U.K. raises concerns for further dispersal of this introduced parasite},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_myxozoan_2005,

title = {Myxozoan diseases of fish and effects on host populations},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Acta Zoologica Sinica},

volume = {51},

number = {4},

pages = {758–760},

abstract = {Myxozoans are metazoan parasites of aquatic hosts which cause a number of serious diseases of farmed and wild fish in freshwater and marine environments. Almost every tissue and organ may be affected according to the species involved. For many of these diseases the pathogenic effects are well documented. Host mortality, whilst apparently rare, results from organ dysfunction in heavy infections and from the effects of environmental stress or the presence of secondary pathogens. The effect of infections in wild stocks remains uncertain with few mass mortalities attributable solely to myxozoan infections. Difficulties with demonstrating the effect of disease on host populations are associated with lack of suitable statistical tools and limited long-term data sets. Utilizing Taylor's power law and variance to mean ratios, data is presented which indicates that in certain river systems in the United Kingdom, chronic infections with Myxobolus spp. are associated with declines in year class strength in cyprinid populations},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_descriptions_2005,

title = {Descriptions, development and pathogenicity of myxozoan (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) parasites of juvenile cyprinids (Pisces: Cyprinidae)},

author = {M Longshaw and P A Frear and S W Feist},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00656.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00656.x},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {28},

number = {8},

pages = {489–508},

abstract = {Approximately 5000 young of the year (0+) cyprinids comprising roach, chub, dace, minnow, bleak, bream, barbel and gudgeon were examined histologically for the presence of myxozoan infections. Thirteen myxozoans were identified to species, the majority being Myxobolus spp. In addition, two species of Myxidium and of Sphaerospora were recorded. All organs were examined, with the majority of infections being found in the gills, musculature and kidney. However, isolated spores were occasionally found in other tissues. Whilst roach contained the highest number of myxozoan species, it was chub that showed the greatest host response to sporogonic forms. Data are provided on spore morphology, pathogenic responses and tissue and host specificity of the myxozoans recorded},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_observations_2004,

title = {Observations of Dermocystidium sp. infections in bullheads, Cottus gobio L., from a river in southern England},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw and R H Hurrell and B Mander},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00535.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00535.x},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {27},

number = {4},

pages = {225–231},

abstract = {Abstract Bullheads, Cottus gobio, with macroscopic external cysts on the skin and fins measuring up to 3-�mm in diameter were detected in the River Allen and its tributaries in southern England between 1992 and 1998. The prevalence of these cysts was up to 50% at some sites. Examination of cyst contents revealed the presence of numerous spores, typical of the genus Dermocystidium, measuring 8-�++m in diameter. The parasite developed within well-defined cysts, which were located in the hypodermal connective tissues of the host. No cysts were present on the fins of any of the fish examined. Histological examination revealed a cyst wall consisting of an inner layer of dense eosinophilic material similar to that reported for Dermocystidium spp. forming coenocytic hyphae. No evidence was found of systemic infection or hyphal formation. Spores contained a prominent refractile body, which gave a weakly positive reaction for polysaccharides with the periodic-acid Schiff reaction and was positively stained with acidic dyes. Several examples of ruptured cysts were seen in histological sections and in some of these cases the host epithelial layer was breached, allowing release of the spores to the environment. Morphological features of, and host response towards, the Dermocystidium sp. in bullheads are compared with similar infections in salmonids and other freshwater fish species},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_histopathology_2004,

title = {Histopathology of parasitic infections in greater pipefish, Syngnathus acus L., from an estuary in the UK},

author = {M Longshaw and M J Green and S W Feist},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00533.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00533.x},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {27},

number = {4},

pages = {245–248},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_myxobolus_2003,

title = {Myxobolus buckei sp. n. (Myxozoa), a new pathogenic parasite from the spinal column of three cyprinid fishes from the United Kingdom},

author = {Matt Longshaw and Paul Frear and Stephen W. Feist},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-4C70PRV-JP/2/d34b05d9b4065d7f58fdfc20620808bb},

doi = {10.14411/fp.2003.043},

issn = {00155683},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-12-01},

journal = {Folia Parasitologica},

volume = {50},

number = {4},

pages = {251–262},

abstract = {Myxobolus buckei sp. n. is described from the spinal column of Leuciscus cephalus (L.), Rutilus rutilus (L.) and Abramis brama (L.) from freshwater rivers in the North of England. The plasmodia develop within the remnants of the embryonic notochord in the intervertebral spaces. The spores are large, measuring (in �m) 14.0 + - 0.7 x 11.5 + - 0.6 (mean + - SD), smooth, round to ellipsoid in valvular view with several sutural edge markings. The polar capsules are pyriform and of equal size, measuring 7.5 + - 0.5 x 4.2 + - 0.2 (mean + - SD), with 11-12 turns of the polar filament arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the polar capsule. The parasite has a large intercapsular appendix and large iodinophorous vacuole. The parasite can be differentiated from all known species of Myxobolus B�tschli, 1882 by a combination of the morphological characters defined. Infected fish show marked longitudinal compression of the body compared to uninfected individuals of the same year class, a feature which is pathognomonic for the disease. Histologically, host responses ranged from mild hypertrophy of the zygapophyseal process and expansion of the intervertebral membrane to complete hypertrophy and fusion of the vertebrae. Prominent notochord is present in the intervertebral spaces of infected fish and sporogony of the parasite leads to a vigorous focal inflammatory response involving proliferating fibroblast and osteogenic cells. The parasite causes a radial expansion of the centra and extensive dorsal and ventral outgrowths of the vertebrae leading to compression of the spinal cord and blood vessels running through the neural and haemal spines respectively. The parasite is considered highly pathogenic to juvenile cyprinids.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{morris_california_2003,

title = {California Golden Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita Are Susceptible to Proliferative Kidney Disease},

author = {D J Morris and M Longshaw and A Adams},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H03-003},

doi = {10.1577/H03-003},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-06-01},

journal = {Journal of Aquatic Animal Health},

volume = {15},

number = {2},

pages = {184–187},

abstract = {Abstract An outbreak of proliferative kidney disease affecting farmed California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita in the United Kingdom is described. The fish displayed the clinical signs of the disease, such as characteristic swelling of the posterior kidney and spleen. Confirmation of infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in the renal tissue was done by means of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody specific to T. bryosalmonae Abstract An outbreak of proliferative kidney disease affecting farmed California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita in the United Kingdom is described. The fish displayed the clinical signs of the disease, such as characteristic swelling of the posterior kidney and spleen. Confirmation of infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in the renal tissue was done by means of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody specific to T. bryosalmonae},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_gyrodactylus_2003,

title = {Gyrodactylus quadratidigitus n. sp. (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae), a parasite of the leopard-spotted goby Thorogobius ephippiatus (Lowe) from the south-western coast of the UK},

author = {M Longshaw and M Pursglove and A P Shinn},

url = {http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038609344&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0},

doi = {10.1023/a:1024059019691},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Systematic Parasitology},

volume = {55},

number = {2},

pages = {151–157},

abstract = {Gyrodactylus quadratidigitus n. sp. (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae) is described from the gills, fins and skin of Thorogobius ephippiatus (Lowe) (leopard-spotted goby) from Portland Castle Bay, Dorset, UK. G. quadratidigitus n. sp. most closely resembles the species of Gyrodactylus previously described by Geets from Pomatoschistus microps (Kr�yer) in the approximate shape and size of the attachment hooks but can be readily distinguished from other species of the genus by the distinctive square shape of the toe region of the marginal hook sickle, the anteriorly positioned cirrus bulb and the unusually short intestinal crura which extend only as far as the level of the testes},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}