Publications

@article{longshaw_checklist_2026,

title = {A checklist of parasites of freshwater fish of the British Isles—Kennedy revisited, reviewed and reassessed},

author = {Matt Longshaw and Chris Williams and Amy Reading and Andrew P. Shinn},

url = {https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5825.1.1},

doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5825.1.1},

issn = {1175-5334, 1175-5326},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-06-01},

urldate = {2026-06-05},

journal = {Zootaxa},

volume = {5825},

number = {1},

pages = {1–198},

abstract = {This review addresses the current state of knowledge regarding freshwater fish parasites in the British Isles, highlighting the significant gap since kennedy’s seminal 1974 work (Journal of Fish Biology 6: 613–644). Despite subsequent efforts by others to produce checklists in 1992 and 2016, comprehensive updates to parasite distribution patterns and species records have been limited. The paper emphasises the importance of accurate parasite checklists for understanding the status of and changes to endemic species baselines, climate change impacts, managing fish translocations, and identifying novel infections. Historical records, including paleoparasitological findings from archaeological deposits, provide valuable insights into parasite distribution patterns, though pre-1900s data requires careful interpretation due to taxonomic limitations. This study provides compiled parasite and host lists from published and unpublished records, creating a database that includes host species, parasite nomenclature, organ location, geographical distribution, and reference information. The current compilation details 339 named parasite species in 147 genera from 58 hosts (52 Protista, 3 Microsporidia, 54 Myxozoa, 83 “Monogenea” (79 Monopisthocotyla, 4 Polyopisthocotyla), 58 Digenea and Aspidogastrea, 33 Cestoda, 21 Nematoda, 7 Acanthocephala, 5 Hirudinea, 14 Copepoda, 4 Branchiura, and 5 Mollusca). A further 69 parasites identified to genus or class level have been reported, bringing the total number of parasites reported in the British Isles to 408. Several challenges are identified, including data transposition errors in previous works, sampling method inconsistencies, difficulties in accessing unpublished data, scant repositories to retrospectively evaluate findings, absence of molecular and taxonomic rigour, and the impact of anthropogenic activities on parasite distributions. As a result, any list may represent a significant underestimate of species presence and diversity. The review concludes by recommending future research directions, emphasising the need for combined molecular and morphological approaches, standardised documentation methods, and increased focus on under-represented taxa to enhance our understanding of freshwater fish parasites in the British Isles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shinn_global_2023,

title = {A global review of problematic and pathogenic parasites of farmed tilapia},

author = {Andrew P. Shinn and Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage and Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso and Armando J. Cruz-Laufer and Adriana García-Vásquez and Jesús S. Hernández-Orts and Roman Kuchta and Matt Longshaw and Matthijs Metselaar and Antoine Pariselle and Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León and Pravata Kumar Pradhan and Miguel Rubio-Godoy and Neeraj Sood and Maarten P. M. Vanhove and Marty R. Deveney},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/raq.12742},

doi = {10.1111/raq.12742},

issn = {1753-5131},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-03-16},

journal = {Reviews in Aquaculture},

volume = {15},

number = {S1},

pages = {92–153},

abstract = {Over the past 80 years, tilapia have been translocated globally for aquaculture; active production is recorded in >124 countries. Of 7 million tonnes of tilapia produced in aquaculture, 79% is from 79 countries outside the natural range of tilapia. Capture fisheries account for a further 723,627 tonnes of tilapia, and >47% of this is landed from established invasive populations outside Africa. Tilapias host a rich fauna of parasites, many of which have been translocated with their hosts. This review summarises >2500 host–parasite records from 73+ countries and >820 recorded tilapia translocations (provided in the supplementary materials). This work focuses on the notable pathogens that threaten the health of cultured populations of tilapia, providing a description of their pathology and includes species that also have substantial impacts on wild tilapia populations, where relevant. For each major parasite taxonomic group, we highlight which parasites have been translocated or have been acquired from the new environments into which tilapia have been introduced, together with remarks on standard treatment approaches and research on them and their management and control. Regarding the theme ‘Tilapia health: quo vadis?’, Africa has enormous potential for aquaculture growth, but substantial knowledge gaps about tilapia parasites in many African states remain, which creates associated production and biosecurity risks. For each parasitic group, therefore, the risks of parasite translocation to new regions as tilapia aquaculture industries expand are highlighted.},

note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/raq.12742},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{macphail_vibrio_2021,

title = {Vibrio species are predominantly intracellular within cultures of Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)},

author = {David P. C. MacPhail and Rhea Koppenstein and Sutherland K. Maciver and Richard Paley and Matt Longshaw and Fiona L. Henriquez},

url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848620329203},

doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736083},

issn = {00448486},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-01},

journal = {Aquaculture},

volume = {532},

pages = {736083},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{laing_epidemiology_2014,

title = {Epidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012},

author = {I Laing and P Dunn and E J Peeler and S W Feist and M Longshaw},

doi = {10.3354/dao02647},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {110},

pages = {101–111},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_histopathological_2012,

title = {Histopathological survey of pathogens and commensals of white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) in England and Wales},

author = {M Longshaw and P D Stebbing and K S Bateman and F A Hockley},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201112000341},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.005},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {110},

number = {1},

pages = {54–59},

abstract = {A histopathological survey of white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) from six rivers in England and Wales was conducted between November 2007 and September 2011. A. pallipes bacilliform virus (ApBV) was present in four samples; infected crayfish showed pathological responses ranging from mild hypertrophy of infected nuclei and emargination of chromatin through to loss of architecture of the hepatopancreatic cells. Crayfish were found to be hosts to two different ciliate species, mites, nematodes, digeneans and the microsporidian Thelohania contejeani. The variation in disease presence between populations highlights the importance of conducting appropriate surveys of native crayfish prior to movement of animals to refugia sites for relocation, restocking or breeding programmes},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_parasites_2012,

title = {Parasites and pathogens of the endosymbiotic pea crab (Pinnotheres pisum) from blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in England},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist and K S Bateman},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201111002497},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.011},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-02-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {109},

number = {2},

pages = {235–242},

abstract = {A histopathological survey of the commensal pea crab (Pinnotheres pisum) from the mantle cavities of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) has been conducted. A total of 266 pea crabs from eight sites around the English coastline were examined. Of these, 82 were negative for any visible infections by histology. The remaining pea crabs were infected with an intranuclear bacilliform virus designated as P. pisum bacilliform virus (PpBV) in the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells, peritrichous ciliates on the gills, an intracytoplasmic microsporidian infection of the hepatopancreatocytes, a myophilic microsporidian infection, the gregarine Cephaloidophora fossor in the hepatopancreas, the entoniscid isopod Pinnotherion vermiforme, a low level nematode infection and an acanthocephalan cystacanth. Host reactions to infections were generally subdued. Results are discussed in relation to the endocommensal habitat of the pea crabs},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bateman_virus-like_2012,

title = {Virus-like particles associated with mortalities of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in England},

author = {K S Bateman and P White and M Longshaw},

url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v99/n2/p163-167/},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02462},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {99},

number = {2},

pages = {163–167},

abstract = {Mortalities of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) were reported in southern England (Kent and Poole Harbour) during late spring of 2008. In response to these reported mortalities, samples were collected from 5 sites across the south coast of England. Clams were sampled for both histology and electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed unenveloped virus-like particles within the connective tissue of the gills and surrounding the tubules in the digestive gland. The virus-like particles appeared to be free within the cytoplasm or associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes and cytoplasmic vesicles. Particles were icosahedral in shape, with a diameter of 25 to 30 nm. The location, size and morphology of the virus-like particles suggest that they belong to the Picornaviridae family. This is the first report of this virus infection in wild and farmed R. philippinarum within the UK.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_disease_2012,

title = {Disease risks associated with the importation and release of non-native crayfish species in mainland Britain},

author = {M Longshaw and K S Bateman and P Stebbing and G D Stentiford and F A Hockley},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00417},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Aquatic Biology},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

abstract = {A full histological survey of 782 non-indigenous crayfish established in riverine habitats or imported into the United Kingdom through the aquarium trade has been conducted. Selected populations were subjected to further bacteriological, molecular and ultrastructural studies to characterise disease conditions. Pacifastacus leniusculus, Orconectes virilis and Astacus leptodactylus, were obtained from 17 riverine sites in mainland Britain. Additionally Cambarellus patzcuarensis, Cherax quadricarinatus, Procambarus clarkii and P. fallax were obtained from 8 pet shops whilst C. patzcuarensis, Cherax peknyi, C. quadricarinatus and P. clarkii were seized at point of entry into mainland Britain. Tests for infections were negative in the majority of P. leniusculus (66.4%); the rest were infected with at least one pathogen or commensal including an intranuclear bacilliform virus and a novel Spiroplasma sp. of male Sertoli cells. Low level bacterial and ciliate infections and commensal mites and ostracods also occurred on or in established signal crayfish. The established population of O. virilis was found to be negative for any visible infections; one shipment of P. clarkii and one aquarium held population of C. quadricarinatus were also found to contain no visible infections. One shipment of P. clarkii from Singapore was infected with white spot virus (WSSV). Bacterial species isolated from crayfish included Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, Citrobacter freundii, Grimontia hollisae, Hafnia alvei, Pastuerella multicida and Weeksella virosa. Results are discussed in relation to the enemy release hypothesis and considers the risk associated with the transboundary trade in non-indigenous crayfish as a potential source of disease to native crayfish species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_diseases_2011,

title = {Diseases of crayfish: A review},

author = {M Longshaw},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJV-51W6NYJ-7/2/6efe55992b4967afd31cba5be0211a33},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.013},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {106},

number = {1},

pages = {54–70},

abstract = {A systematic review of parasites, pathogens and commensals of freshwater crayfish has been conducted. All major groups of disease causing agents have been covered including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protistans and metazoans. Most agents tend to cause limited problems for crayfish. Exceptions to this include fungi, bacteria and viruses. However, in many cases, these tend to be isolated reports in either a specific geographical location or in individual animals. The apparent absence of pathology associated with these agents in crayfish should not be taken to suggest that movements of crayfish to new geographical areas is necessarily acceptable. Several examples are given where seemingly healthy animals have been moved to new areas leading to mortality of other crayfish within the same area as a direct result of transmission of pathogens to na�ve hosts. Some future research needs are proposed, including the need for pathogen characterisation and production of disease-free crayfish for aquaculture},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{haenen_zoonotic_2009,

title = {Zoonotic infections from fish and shellfish},

author = {O Haenen and J Evans and M Longshaw},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {European Association of Fish Pathologists},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{johnson_british_2009,

title = {The British river of the future: How climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in England},

author = {A C Johnson and M C Acreman and M J Dunbar and S W Feist and A M Giacomello and R E Gozlan and S A Hinsley and A T Ibbotson and H P Jarvie and I Jones and M Longshaw and S C Maberly and T J Marsh and C Neal and J R Newman and M A Nunn and R W Pickup and N S Reynard and C A Sullivan and J P Sumpter and R J Williams},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.018},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {407},

pages = {4787–4798},

abstract = {The possible effects of changing climate on a southern and a north-eastern English river (the Thames and the Yorkshire Ouse, respectively) were examined in relation to water and ecological quality throughout the food web. The CLASSIC hydrological model, driven by output from the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3), based on IPCC low and high CO2 emission scenarios for 2080 were used as the basis for the analysis. Compared to current conditions, the CLASSIC model predicted lower flows for both rivers, in all seasons except winter. Such an outcome would lead to longer residence times (by up to a month in the Thames), with nutrient, organic and biological contaminant concentrations elevated by 70-100% pro-rata, assuming sewage treatment effectiveness remains unchanged. Greater opportunities for phytoplankton growth will arise, and this may be significant in the Thames. Warmer winters and milder springs will favour riverine birds and increase the recruitment of many coarse fish species. However, warm, slow-flowing, shallower water would increase the incidence of fish diseases. These changing conditions would make southern UK rivers in general a less favourable habitat for some species of fish, such as the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Accidental or deliberate, introductions of alien macrophytes and fish may change the range of species in the rivers. In some areas, it is possible that a concurrence of different pressures may give rise to the temporary loss of ecosystem services, such as providing acceptable quality water for humans and industry. An increasing demand for water in southern England due to an expanding population, a possibly reduced flow due to climate change, together with theWater Framework Directive obligation to maintain water quality, will put extreme pressure on river ecosystems, such as the Thames},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{beck_anisakis_2008,

title = {Anisakis simplex sensu lato associated with red vent syndrome in wild adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in England and Wales},

author = {M Beck and R Evans and S W Feist and P Stebbing and M Longshaw and E Harris},

doi = {10.3354/dao01979},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {82},

number = {1},

pages = {61–65},

abstract = {Wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with swollen and/or bleeding vents (red vent syndrome) have been observed in rivers across England and Wales. Low numbers of salmon with this condition have previously been recorded, but reports have increased in 2006 and 2007. Affected and non-affected salmon were sampled from fish traps and their vent pathology was examined. Third stage larvae of the nematode Anisakis simplex sensu lato were observed in the tissue surrounding the vent in all affected fish. Histology of the vent showed gross lesions with an inflammatory response associated with non-encapsulated nematode worms in the connective tissue and skeletal muscle. The presence of the parasite in the unusual location of the vent areas, with associated haemorrhaging, is possibly a new emerging pathological association with the nematode A. simplex infection in Atlantic salmon. The reason for this unusual tissue tropism by larval A. simplex and the significance on already depleted salmon stocks are currently unknown},

note = {ISBN: 0177-5103},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_histopathology_2008,

title = {Histopathology of fish parasite infections - importance for populations},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02060.xDigital Object Identifier (DOI)},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},

volume = {73},

pages = {2143–2160},

abstract = {There is a bewildering array of fish parasites and probably all fish species harbour one or more species. Under normal conditions hosts often show little or no signs of infection, either clinically or at the organ and tissue level. All tissues can be infected, including the blood. Coelozoic species generally do not elicit significant host responses. Any developmental stages, however, where these migrate through the host tissues may produce a cellular response if resident for sufficient time. Histozoic parasites are generally more likely to evoke a pathological response since they are invariably in more intimate contact with immunocompetent host cells such as lymphocytes and phagocytes. In some cases, particularly with protistan infections, host response can be dramatic and cause significant disease due to organ dysfunction, with subsequent mortalities. Infections of the external epithelia caused by a variety of parasites including Monogenea and Copepoda are also significant, especially when large numbers are present. Resulting tissue necrosis compromises osmoregulation and facilitates entry of prokaryote infections. Parasites have numerous strategies to evade detection within the host, but even protected intracellular forms, e.g. microsporeans and muscle-invading myxozoans are recognized when they outgrow their accommodation or large cysts rupture, presenting parasite antigens to the host. In most instances, an evolutionary balance has been achieved between the host and the parasite and even when histopathology is evident, this is frequently localized and does not unduly impair performance of the affected organ. Examples include chronic inflammation, granuloma formation and focal fibrosis. This paper outlines the principle histopathological responses to a variety of parasite groups and provides a more detailed treatment of selected parasitic infections in marine and freshwater fish species to illustrate the relative importance of acute and chronic parasitic infections for host survival},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{peeler_assessment_2008,

title = {An assessment of the variation in the prevalence of renal myxosporidiosis and hepatitis in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., within and between rivers in South-West England},

author = {E J Peeler and S W Feist and M Longshaw and M A Thrush and S St-Hilaire},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00942.x},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {31},

number = {10},

pages = {719–728},

abstract = {The prevalence of renal myxosporidiosis in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta, in seven river catchments In South-West England was investigated. Three hundred and twenty-seven fish were sampled from 16 sites, of which 54 (16.5%) were found, by histological examination of the kidney, to be infected with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease. No T bryosalmonae infected fish were found in one river catchment, in other catchments the prevalence ranged from 2.5% to 36%. Hepatitis was strongly associated with the presence of T. bryosalmonae (odds ratio = 20.2, P < 0.001). Chloromyxum schurovi was found in 25% of fish and in six of seven river catchments, where the prevalence ranged from 2.4% to 63%. There was a strong negative association between the presence of T. bryosalmonae and C. schurovi (odds ratio = 0.10, P < 0.001). A hierarchical binomal model of the variance indicated that for T. bryosalmonae most of the variance existed at the site level, whereas for C schurovi most variance existed at the river catchment level, suggesting that prevalence of T. bryosalmonae infection is determined largely by site level factors (e.g. presence of alternate host). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.2 and 0.4 for T. bryosalmonae and C schurovi, respectively, indicating the latter has higher effective transmission because of a higher level of infectiousness and/or abundance of alternate oligochaete hosts. These values can be used In future Studies to estimate the sample sizes required to generate prevalence estimates with the required precision},

note = {ISBN: 0140-7775},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stentiford_enterospora_2007,

title = {Enterospora canceri n. gen., n. sp., intranuclear within the hepatopancreatocytes of the European edible crab Cancer pagurus},

author = {G D Stentiford and K S Bateman and M Longshaw and S W Feist},

doi = {10.3354/dao075061},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {75},

number = {1},

pages = {61–72},

abstract = {Only 1 genus (Nucleospora) within 1 family (Enterocytozoonidae) of the Microsporidia contains species that are parasitic within the nuclei of their host cells; to date, all described intranuclear Nucleospora spp. parasitise fish. This study describes the first intranuclear microsporidian parasite of an invertebrate, the European edible crab Cancer pagurus L. (Decapoda: Cancridae). Infected crabs displayed no obvious external signs, and maximum apparent prevalence of infection within a monthly sample was 3.45%. Infected hepatopancreatic tubules were characterised by varying numbers of hypertrophic and eosinophilic nuclei within epithelial cells. Parasite stages appeared as eosinophilic granular accumulations causing margination of host chromatin. In advanced cases, the tubule epithelia degenerated, with parasites and sloughed epithelial cells appearing in tubule lumens. All life stages of the parasite were observed within host nuclei. Uninucleate meronts were not detected, although binucleate stages were observed, Multinucleate plasmodia (sporogonal plasmodia) contained up to 22 nuclei in section, and late-stage plasmodia contained multiple copies of apparatus resembling the polar filament and anchoring disk, apparently associated with individual plasmodial nuclei. As such, aggregation and early assembly of sporoblast components took place within the intact sporogonial plasmodium, a feature unique to the Enterocytozoonidae. Liberation of sporoblasts from plasmodia or the presence of liberated sporoblasts was not observed in this study. However, large numbers of maturing and mature spores (measuring 1.3 ± 0.02 x 0.7 ± 0.01 Μm) were frequently observed in direct contact with the host nucleoplasm. Considering the shared features of this parasite with microsporidians of the family Enterocytozoonidae, and the unique presence of this parasite within the nucleoplasm of decapod crustacean hepatopancreatocytes, this parasite (Enterospora canceri) is proposed as the type species of a new genus (Enterospora) of microsporidian. Molecular taxonomic work is now required, comparing Enterospora to Enterocytozoon and Nucleospora, the 2 other genera within the Enterocytozoonidae},

note = {ISBN: 0177-5103},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{morris_immunostaining_2006,

title = {Immunostaining of spores and plasmodia of disparate myxozoan genera with comments on the properties of the sporular mucus envelope},

author = {D. J. Morris and K. Molnár and M. Longshaw and A. Adams},

doi = {10.1017/S0031182005009807},

issn = {00311820},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Parasitology},

volume = {132},

number = {6},

pages = {781–790},

abstract = {Species of the phylum Myxozoa are common parasites of fish and can cause severe losses in cultured species. Although a number of myxozoan life-cycles have now been elucidated, little is known about the biology of these organisms in the fish host. Monoclonal antibody B4 raised to the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae has been previously noted to react with a number of species infecting fish kidney. We present the results of a survey of 55 myxosporean species that determined that this antibody detects an antigen on the spore surface of 33 of these species in the genera Myxobolus, Sphaerospora and Thelohanellus. However, there appears to be no clear relationship between those spores that contain the MAb B4 reactive antigen and the host or organ in which they are detected. The antigen appears to be synthesized in the plasmodial cytoplasm and is intimately associated with the surface of the spore capsules and, where present, the mucus envelope. The nature of this envelope is further discussed in relation to its formation and distinctive properties. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{canning_microgemma_2005,

title = {Microgemma vivaresi n. sp. (Microsporidia, Tetramicridae), infecting liver and skeletal muscle of sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis (Euphrasen 1786) (Osteichthyes, Cottidae), an inshore, littoral fish},

author = {E. U. Canning and S. W. Feist and M. Longshaw and B. Okamura and C. L. Anderson and M. T. Tse and A. Curry},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.04-3325.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.04-3325.x},

issn = {10665234},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-03-01},

journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},

volume = {52},

number = {2},

pages = {123–131},

abstract = {Abstract. The ultrastructure of a new microsporidian species Microgemma vivaresi n. sp. causing liver cell xenoma formation in sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis, is described. Stages of merogony, sporogony, and sporogenesis are mixed in the central cytoplasm of developing xenomas. All stages have unpaired nuclei. Uninucleate and multinucleate meronts lie within vacuoles formed from host endoplasmic reticulum and divide by binary or multiple fission. Sporonts, no longer in vacuoles, deposit plaques of surface coat on the plasma membrane that cause the surface to pucker. Division occurs at the puckered stage into sporoblast mother cells, on which plaques join up to complete the surface coat. A final binary fission gives rise to sporoblasts. A dense globule, thought to be involved in polar tube synthesis, is gradually dispersed during spore maturation. Spores are broadly ovoid, have a large posterior vacuole, and measure 3.6-�++m +� 2.1-�++m (fresh). The polar tube has a short wide anterior section that constricts abruptly, then runs posteriad to coil about eight times around the posterior vacuole with granular contents. The polaroplast has up to 40 membranes arranged in pairs mostly attached to the wide region of the polar tube and directed posteriorly around a cytoplasm of a coarsely granular appearance. The species is placed alongside the type species Microgemma hepaticusRalphs and Matthews 1986 within the family Tetramicridae, which is transferred from the class Dihaplophasea to the class Haplophasea, as there is no evidence for the occurrence of a diplokaryotic phase},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{beyer_potential_2005,

title = {A potential role for invasive sunbleak in the further dissemination of a non-native parasite},

author = {K Beyer and D Kochanowska and M Longshaw and S W Feist and R E Gozlan},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00859.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00859.x},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},

volume = {67},

number = {6},

pages = {1730–1733},

abstract = {Since its first introduction to English waters in the mid 1980s, sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus has spread widely and it is shown in the present study that this non-native cyprinid is a new host for Neoergasilus japonicus. This copepod parasite from South East Asia has a limited host range and distribution in the U.K. Rapid dispersal of sunbleak in the U.K. raises concerns for further dispersal of this introduced parasite},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_myxozoan_2005,

title = {Myxozoan diseases of fish and effects on host populations},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Acta Zoologica Sinica},

volume = {51},

number = {4},

pages = {758–760},

abstract = {Myxozoans are metazoan parasites of aquatic hosts which cause a number of serious diseases of farmed and wild fish in freshwater and marine environments. Almost every tissue and organ may be affected according to the species involved. For many of these diseases the pathogenic effects are well documented. Host mortality, whilst apparently rare, results from organ dysfunction in heavy infections and from the effects of environmental stress or the presence of secondary pathogens. The effect of infections in wild stocks remains uncertain with few mass mortalities attributable solely to myxozoan infections. Difficulties with demonstrating the effect of disease on host populations are associated with lack of suitable statistical tools and limited long-term data sets. Utilizing Taylor's power law and variance to mean ratios, data is presented which indicates that in certain river systems in the United Kingdom, chronic infections with Myxobolus spp. are associated with declines in year class strength in cyprinid populations},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_observations_2004,

title = {Observations of Dermocystidium sp. infections in bullheads, Cottus gobio L., from a river in southern England},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw and R H Hurrell and B Mander},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00535.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00535.x},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {27},

number = {4},

pages = {225–231},

abstract = {Abstract Bullheads, Cottus gobio, with macroscopic external cysts on the skin and fins measuring up to 3-�mm in diameter were detected in the River Allen and its tributaries in southern England between 1992 and 1998. The prevalence of these cysts was up to 50% at some sites. Examination of cyst contents revealed the presence of numerous spores, typical of the genus Dermocystidium, measuring 8-�++m in diameter. The parasite developed within well-defined cysts, which were located in the hypodermal connective tissues of the host. No cysts were present on the fins of any of the fish examined. Histological examination revealed a cyst wall consisting of an inner layer of dense eosinophilic material similar to that reported for Dermocystidium spp. forming coenocytic hyphae. No evidence was found of systemic infection or hyphal formation. Spores contained a prominent refractile body, which gave a weakly positive reaction for polysaccharides with the periodic-acid Schiff reaction and was positively stained with acidic dyes. Several examples of ruptured cysts were seen in histological sections and in some of these cases the host epithelial layer was breached, allowing release of the spores to the environment. Morphological features of, and host response towards, the Dermocystidium sp. in bullheads are compared with similar infections in salmonids and other freshwater fish species},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_myxobolus_2003,

title = {Myxobolus buckei sp. n. (Myxozoa), a new pathogenic parasite from the spinal column of three cyprinid fishes from the United Kingdom},

author = {Matt Longshaw and Paul Frear and Stephen W. Feist},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-4C70PRV-JP/2/d34b05d9b4065d7f58fdfc20620808bb},

doi = {10.14411/fp.2003.043},

issn = {00155683},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-12-01},

journal = {Folia Parasitologica},

volume = {50},

number = {4},

pages = {251–262},

abstract = {Myxobolus buckei sp. n. is described from the spinal column of Leuciscus cephalus (L.), Rutilus rutilus (L.) and Abramis brama (L.) from freshwater rivers in the North of England. The plasmodia develop within the remnants of the embryonic notochord in the intervertebral spaces. The spores are large, measuring (in �m) 14.0 + - 0.7 x 11.5 + - 0.6 (mean + - SD), smooth, round to ellipsoid in valvular view with several sutural edge markings. The polar capsules are pyriform and of equal size, measuring 7.5 + - 0.5 x 4.2 + - 0.2 (mean + - SD), with 11-12 turns of the polar filament arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the polar capsule. The parasite has a large intercapsular appendix and large iodinophorous vacuole. The parasite can be differentiated from all known species of Myxobolus B�tschli, 1882 by a combination of the morphological characters defined. Infected fish show marked longitudinal compression of the body compared to uninfected individuals of the same year class, a feature which is pathognomonic for the disease. Histologically, host responses ranged from mild hypertrophy of the zygapophyseal process and expansion of the intervertebral membrane to complete hypertrophy and fusion of the vertebrae. Prominent notochord is present in the intervertebral spaces of infected fish and sporogony of the parasite leads to a vigorous focal inflammatory response involving proliferating fibroblast and osteogenic cells. The parasite causes a radial expansion of the centra and extensive dorsal and ventral outgrowths of the vertebrae leading to compression of the spinal cord and blood vessels running through the neural and haemal spines respectively. The parasite is considered highly pathogenic to juvenile cyprinids.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{morris_california_2003,

title = {California Golden Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita Are Susceptible to Proliferative Kidney Disease},

author = {D J Morris and M Longshaw and A Adams},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H03-003},

doi = {10.1577/H03-003},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-06-01},

journal = {Journal of Aquatic Animal Health},

volume = {15},

number = {2},

pages = {184–187},

abstract = {Abstract An outbreak of proliferative kidney disease affecting farmed California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita in the United Kingdom is described. The fish displayed the clinical signs of the disease, such as characteristic swelling of the posterior kidney and spleen. Confirmation of infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in the renal tissue was done by means of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody specific to T. bryosalmonae Abstract An outbreak of proliferative kidney disease affecting farmed California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita in the United Kingdom is described. The fish displayed the clinical signs of the disease, such as characteristic swelling of the posterior kidney and spleen. Confirmation of infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in the renal tissue was done by means of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody specific to T. bryosalmonae},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_proliferative_2002,

title = {Proliferative kidney disease and renal myxosporidiosis in juvenile salmonids from rivers in England and Wales},

author = {S W Feist and E J Peeler and R Gardiner and E Smith and M Longshaw},

doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00361.x},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {25},

number = {8},

pages = {451–458},

abstract = {The results from a survey for proliferative kidney disease (PKD) and renal myxosporidiosis in wild salmonids from rivers in England and Wales are presented. One hundred and eighty-five salmon, Salmo salar, 235 brown trout, Salmo trutta, 16 charr, Salvelinus alpinus, and five grayling, Thymallus thymallus, were obtained from 23 locations on 16 rivers between July and October 1997. They were examined for the presence of clinical PKD and for histological evidence of infections with Tetracapsula bryosalmonae and other renal myxozoans. Prevalence of infection with T. bryosalmonae detected histologically in brown trout varied from 11 to 43% in enzootic rivers and was only found in salmon in two rivers at low prevalence. Nephromegaly was positively associated with PKD in brown trout but in salmon mild nephromegaly was only associated with infection with an unidentified Chloromyxum sp},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_development_2002,

title = {Development of proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following short-term exposure to Tetracapsula bryosalmonae infected bryozoans},

author = {M Longshaw and R M Le Deuff and A F Harris and S W Feist},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00353.x},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {25},

number = {8},

pages = {443–449},

abstract = {The initial site of infection in the fish host for Tetracapsula bryosalmonae, causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is poorly understood. Following the recent recognition that freshwater bryozoans harbour the infective stages to salmonid fish, experimental transmission studies were undertaken to investigate (1) the route of entry of the parasite into the fish host and (2) the minimum exposure time required to induce clinical signs of PKD. In-situ hybridization (ISH) studies were carried out on naive rainbow trout exposed to the naturally infected bryozoan Fredericella sultana for up to 90 min. The sporoplasm of T. bryosalmonae was detected entering the fish via mucous cells in the skin epithelium within the first minute of exposure. In addition, T. bryosalmonae cells were infrequently detected in the skeletal musculature of exposed experimental fish up to 72 h post-exposure. The route of migration through the fish to the kidney and spleen was not determined. All fish exposed to infected, disrupted bryozoans for 10, 30 and 90 min and maintained for up to 8 weeks developed clinical PKD},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stentiford_histopathological_2002,

title = {Histopathological biomarkers in estuarine fish species for the assessment of biological effects of contaminants},

author = {G D Stentiford and M Longshaw and B P Lyons and G Jones and M Green and S W Feist},

doi = {10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00212-X},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Marine Environmental Research},

volume = {55},

pages = {137–159},

abstract = {The increasing emphasis on the assessment and monitoring of estuarine ecosystems has highlighted the need to deploy appropriate biological indices for these locations. Fish diseases and histopathology, with a broad range of causes, are increasingly being used as indicators of environmental stress since they provide a definite biological end-point of historical exposure. This study reports on the histopathological alterations observed in selected organs and tissues of three species of estuarine fish (Platichthys flesus, Pomatoschistus minutus and Zoarces viviparus), captured from four British estuaries (the Tyne, Tees, Mersey and Alde), differently impacted by contaminants, including PAHs. A biannual sampling regime was used to identify the important seasonal variations that occur in terms of the observed biological effects. Inflammatory lesions and hepatocellular fibrillar inclusions attained their highest prevalence},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_induction_2001,

title = {Induction of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss via the bryozoan Fredericella sultana infected with Tetracapsula bryosalmonae},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw and E U Canning and B Okamura},

doi = {10.3354/dao045061},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {45},

pages = {61–68},

abstract = {Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a serious infection of wild and farmed salmonids, affecting mainly the kidney and spleen but becoming systemic in most susceptible fish hosts. This report deals with the transmission of Tetracapsula bryosalmonae Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw & Okamura 1999 from naturally infected bryozoans Fredericella sultana Blumenbach 1779 to na�ve rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792, thereby confirming the recent conclusion based on partial 18S rDNA sequence data that bryozoans are hosts of the myxozoan parasite T. bryosalmonae (formerly PKX organism) that causes the disease. Parasite transmission using T. bryosalmonae spores was successful by short-term exposure to disrupted bryozoans known to contain T. bryosalmonae spores and T. bryosalmonae sacs liberated from the bryozoans, and by long-term cohabitation with infected bryozoan colonies. Infection was confirmed by examination of kidney imprints, detection of the parasite in stained tissue sections, PCR using T. bryosalmonae-specific primers, and comparison of amplified 18S rDNA sequences from the bryozoans and experimentally infected fish. Transmission was not apparent, nor was PKD induced, in fish challenged by intraperitoneal injection of spores isolated from F. sultana.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{kent_recent_2001,

title = {Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa},

author = {M L Kent and K Andree and J L Bartholomew and M El-Matbouli and S S Desser and R H Devlin and S W Feist and R P Hedrick and R W Hoffman and J Khattra and S L Hallett and R J G Lester and M Longshaw and O Palenzuela and M E Siddall and C Xiao and K B Andree and M El Matbouli and R W Hoffmann and Al Khattra et},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45GNBMG-112/2/4dd2e4eced62cacfcb416c6e054b70c8},

doi = {10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},

volume = {48},

number = {4},

pages = {395–413},

abstract = {In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosalmonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that:1) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin-based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re-emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post-harvest myoliquefaction in pen-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen-reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_ultrastructural_2001,

title = {Ultrastructural characterisation of Marteilia species (Paramyxea) from Ostrea edulis, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis in Europe},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist and R A Matthews and A Figueras},

doi = {https://www.int-res.com/articles/dao/44/d044p137.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {44},

pages = {137–142},

abstract = {A focused ultrastructural study of Marteilia spp. found in cultured Ostrea edulis, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis from France and Spain was conducted with emphasis placed on haplosporosomes, striated plate-like inclusions and spore wall morphology. Two types of haplosporosome were identified, sphaeroid and oblate, which were common to the parasite in all 3 host species. A total of 492 haplosporosomes were measured; those from the Marteilia sp. in Mytilus spp. were marginally smaller than those in Ostrea edulis. Spore wall morphology was found to vary depending on the state of maturity of the parasite - the more mature the parasite, the thicker the wall surrounding it. It is suggested that the current criteria used to distinguish M. maurini from M. refringens are invalid and that M. maurini was relegated to a junior synonym of M. refringens},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{canning_new_2000,

title = {A New Class and Order of Myxozoans to Accommodate Parasites of Bryozoans with Ultrastructural Observations on Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX Organism)},

author = {E. U. Canning and A. Curry and S. W. Feist and M. Longshaw and B. Okamura},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45DHXCB-4CY/2/660e5efc78b12dabc72f6d6c0ecf4eb2},

doi = {10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00075.x},

issn = {10665234},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},

volume = {47},

number = {5},

pages = {456–468},

abstract = {Tetracapsula bryosalmonae, formerly PKX organism, is a myxozoan parasite that causes proliferative kidney disease in salmonid fish. Its primary hosts, in which it undergoes a sexual phase, are phylactolaemate bryozoans. It develops in the bryozoan coelomic cavity as freely floating sacs which contain two types of cells, stellate cells and sporoplasmogenic cells, which become organised as spores. Eight stellate cells differentiate as four capsulogenic cells and four valve cells which surround a single sporoplasmogenic cell. The sporoplasmogenic cell undergoes meiosis and cytoplasmic fission to produce two sporoplasms with haploid nuclei. Sporoplasms contain secondary cells. The unusual development supports previously obtained data from 18S rDNA sequences, indicating that species of Tetracapsula form a clade. It diverged early in the evolution of the Myxozoa, before the radiation that gave rise to the better known genera belonging to the two orders in the single class Myxosporea. The genus Tetracapsula as seen in bryozoans shares some of the characters unique to the myxosporean phase and others typical of the actinosporean phase of genera belonging to the class Myxosporea. However, it exhibits other features which are not found in either phase. A new class Malacosporea and order Malacovalvulida are proposed to accommodate the family Saccosporidae and genus Tetracapsula. Special features of the new class are the sac-like proliferative body, valve cells not covering the exit point of the polar filament, lack of a stopper-like structure sealing the exit, maintenance of valve cell integrity even at spore maturity, absence of hardened spore walls and unique structure of sporoplasmosomes in the sporoplasms},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_myxosporidiosis_2000,

title = {Myxosporidiosis of fish and the bryozoan link with proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Fish Veterinary Journal},

volume = {5},

pages = {37–46},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rahimian_pseudanthocotyloides_1999,

title = {Pseudanthocotyloides heterocotyle (van Beneden, 1871) Euzet & Prost, 1969 (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea: Mazocraeidae), a parasite of herring Clupea harengus L. and sprat Sprattus sprattus L. (Teleostei: Clupeidae)},

author = {H Rahimian and M Longshaw and K MacKenzie and J Thulin},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006042302301},

doi = {10.1023/A:1006042302301},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-03-01},

journal = {Systematic Parasitology},

volume = {42},

number = {3},

pages = {193–201},

abstract = {A total of 690 herring Clupea harengus L. and 88 sprat Sprattus sprattus L. caught off the west coast of Sweden, in the North Sea and off the west and south coasts of the United Kingdom, were examined for gill parasites. The monogenean Pseudanthocotyloides heterocotyle (van Beneden, 1871) Euzet & Prost, 1969 was found in 38 (5.5%) herring and one (1.1%) sprat. The parasite was significantly (P>0.05) more common off the west coast of Sweden than elsewhere and most specimens (62.5%) were found on the pseudobranchs. Only the smaller herring were infected. P. heterocotyle is redescribed and its taxonomy discussed, together with the possibility of host and parasite misidentification in previous reports},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{canning_tetracapsula_1999,

title = {Tetracapsula bryosalmonae n.sp. for PKX organism, the cause of PKD in salmonid fish},

author = {E U Canning and A Curry and S W Feist and M Longshaw and B Okamura},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists},

volume = {19},

number = {5},

pages = {203–206},

abstract = {PKX organism is identified as a new species of the myxozoan genus Tetracapsula, for which the name Tetracapsula bryosalmonae n.sp. is proposed. It infects several species of phylactolaemate bryozoans and salmonid fish. It is differentiated from the type species Tetracapsula bryozoides in that spores are derived by aggregation of cells rather than by division of a single sporogonic cell, by minor morphological features and by its 18S rDNA sequence},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_first_1999,

title = {First identification of PKX in bryozoans from the United Kingdom - molecular evidence},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist and E U Canning and B Okamura},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists},

volume = {19},

number = {4},

pages = {146–148},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_mortality_1996,

title = {Mortality of captive Clupea harengus L. (Teleostei: Clupeidae), due to Pseudanthocotyloides heterocotyle (van Beneden, 1871) (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea: Mazocraedidae)},

author = {M Longshaw},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists},

volume = {16},

number = {4},

pages = {143–144},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}