Publications

@article{longshaw_checklist_2026,

title = {A checklist of parasites of freshwater fish of the British Isles—Kennedy revisited, reviewed and reassessed},

author = {Matt Longshaw and Chris Williams and Amy Reading and Andrew P. Shinn},

url = {https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5825.1.1},

doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5825.1.1},

issn = {1175-5334, 1175-5326},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-06-01},

urldate = {2026-06-05},

journal = {Zootaxa},

volume = {5825},

number = {1},

pages = {1–198},

abstract = {This review addresses the current state of knowledge regarding freshwater fish parasites in the British Isles, highlighting the significant gap since kennedy’s seminal 1974 work (Journal of Fish Biology 6: 613–644). Despite subsequent efforts by others to produce checklists in 1992 and 2016, comprehensive updates to parasite distribution patterns and species records have been limited. The paper emphasises the importance of accurate parasite checklists for understanding the status of and changes to endemic species baselines, climate change impacts, managing fish translocations, and identifying novel infections. Historical records, including paleoparasitological findings from archaeological deposits, provide valuable insights into parasite distribution patterns, though pre-1900s data requires careful interpretation due to taxonomic limitations. This study provides compiled parasite and host lists from published and unpublished records, creating a database that includes host species, parasite nomenclature, organ location, geographical distribution, and reference information. The current compilation details 339 named parasite species in 147 genera from 58 hosts (52 Protista, 3 Microsporidia, 54 Myxozoa, 83 “Monogenea” (79 Monopisthocotyla, 4 Polyopisthocotyla), 58 Digenea and Aspidogastrea, 33 Cestoda, 21 Nematoda, 7 Acanthocephala, 5 Hirudinea, 14 Copepoda, 4 Branchiura, and 5 Mollusca). A further 69 parasites identified to genus or class level have been reported, bringing the total number of parasites reported in the British Isles to 408. Several challenges are identified, including data transposition errors in previous works, sampling method inconsistencies, difficulties in accessing unpublished data, scant repositories to retrospectively evaluate findings, absence of molecular and taxonomic rigour, and the impact of anthropogenic activities on parasite distributions. As a result, any list may represent a significant underestimate of species presence and diversity. The review concludes by recommending future research directions, emphasising the need for combined molecular and morphological approaches, standardised documentation methods, and increased focus on under-represented taxa to enhance our understanding of freshwater fish parasites in the British Isles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stebbing_review_2014,

title = {Review of methods for the management of non-indigenous crayfish, with particular reference to Great Britain},

author = {P. Stebbing and M. Longshaw and A. Scott},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2014.908326},

doi = {10.1080/03949370.2014.908326},

issn = {0394-9370},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-04-01},

journal = {Ethology Ecology & Evolution},

volume = {26},

number = {2-3},

pages = {204–231},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Globally, some of the most widely distributed, damaging freshwater non-indigenous species are crayfish. With an increasing demand to meet regulatory targets, there is a need to implement more stringent controls to prevent further environmental stress and irreparable shifts in species diversity attributed to non-indigenous crayfish. In establishing a management strategy for non-indigenous crayfish in Great Britain (GB), consideration needs to be given to: (1) the prevention of further introductions of species, including novel species and those already established; (2) methods for containing and preventing the further spread of established populations, and (3) methods for eradication/control. This review aims to provide a critique of existing and potential management methods (mechanical, physical, biological, biocidal, autocidal, legislative) and how they can be potentially used in a cohesive, intergrated and comprehensive strategy with particular reference to GB and the management of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Globally, some of the most widely distributed, damaging freshwater non-indigenous species are crayfish. With an increasing demand to meet regulatory targets, there is a need to implement more stringent controls to prevent further environmental stress and irreparable shifts in species diversity attributed to non-indigenous crayfish. In establishing a management strategy for non-indigenous crayfish in Great Britain (GB), consideration needs to be given to: (1) the prevention of further introductions of species, including novel species and those already established; (2) methods for containing and preventing the further spread of established populations, and (3) methods for eradication/control. This review aims to provide a critique of existing and potential management methods (mechanical, physical, biological, biocidal, autocidal, legislative) and how they can be potentially used in a cohesive, intergrated and comprehensive strategy with particular reference to GB and the management of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{flannery_interlaboratory_2014,

title = {Interlaboratory variability in screening for Bonamia ostreae, a protistan parasite of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis.},

author = {G Flannery and SA Lynch and M Longshaw and D Stone and P Martin and A Ramillo and Antonio Villalba and Sarah C Culloty},

url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2014/110/d110p093.pdf},

doi = {10.3354/dao02717},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {110},

pages = {93–99},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{large_strengths_2013,

title = {Strengths and Weaknesses of the Management and Monitoring of Deep-Water Stocks, Fisheries, and Ecosystems in Various Areas of the World—A Roadmap Toward Sustainable Deep-Water Fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic?},

author = {Philip A. Large and David J. Agnew and José Ángel Álvarez Pérez and Christopher Barrio Froján and Rudi Cloete and Dimitrios Damalas and Leonie Dransfeld and Charles T. T. Edwards and Stephen Feist and Ivone Figueiredo and Fernando González and Juan Gil Herrera and Andrew Kenny and Klara Jakobsdóttir and Matt Longshaw and Pascal Lorance and Paul Marchal and Chryssi Mytilineou and Benjamin Planque and Chrissi-Yianna Politou},

url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10641262.2013.785475},

doi = {10.1080/10641262.2013.785475},

issn = {1064-1262},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-04-01},

journal = {Reviews in Fisheries Science},

volume = {21},

number = {2},

pages = {157–180},

abstract = {Scientific interest in deep-water marine resources has increased dramatically over the last 10?20 years as management bodies have sought advice on how to manage deep-water fisheries and protect deep-water ecosystems. The strengths and weaknesses of the management and monitoring of deep-water stocks, fisheries, and ecosystems in various areas of the world are described, with the objective of informing the EU FP7 DEEPFISHMAN project so that it can fulfill its primary aim, which is to develop strategic options for a short- and long-term management and monitoring ecosystem-based framework for the northeast Atlantic. To provide a baseline, the current monitoring and management regime in the northeast Atlantic is reviewed, followed by a brief description of the regimes applying to deep-water fisheries in the northwest Atlantic, the southeast Atlantic, off Brazil, in the Antarctic, off Australia and New Zealand, and in the Mediterranean. The strengths and weaknesses of these are discussed, taking into account additional information available from DEEPFISHMAN case study stocks, outcomes from consultations with stakeholders in the deep-water fishing industry in the northeast Atlantic, and the requirements of EU regulations and developing policy that will likely impact deep-water fisheries in the northeast Atlantic. Scientific interest in deep-water marine resources has increased dramatically over the last 10?20 years as management bodies have sought advice on how to manage deep-water fisheries and protect deep-water ecosystems. The strengths and weaknesses of the management and monitoring of deep-water stocks, fisheries, and ecosystems in various areas of the world are described, with the objective of informing the EU FP7 DEEPFISHMAN project so that it can fulfill its primary aim, which is to develop strategic options for a short- and long-term management and monitoring ecosystem-based framework for the northeast Atlantic. To provide a baseline, the current monitoring and management regime in the northeast Atlantic is reviewed, followed by a brief description of the regimes applying to deep-water fisheries in the northwest Atlantic, the southeast Atlantic, off Brazil, in the Antarctic, off Australia and New Zealand, and in the Mediterranean. The strengths and weaknesses of these are discussed, taking into account additional information available from DEEPFISHMAN case study stocks, outcomes from consultations with stakeholders in the deep-water fishing industry in the northeast Atlantic, and the requirements of EU regulations and developing policy that will likely impact deep-water fisheries in the northeast Atlantic.},

note = {ISBN: 1064-1262},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_review_2013,

title = {A review of the infectious agents, parasites, pathogens and commensals of European cockles (Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum)},

author = {M Longshaw and S K Malham},

doi = {10.1017/S0025315412000537},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},

volume = {93},

number = {1},

pages = {227–247},

abstract = {A systematic review of the parasites, pathogens and commensals of the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and of the lagoon cockle (Cerastoderma glaucum) has been completed. A total of 59 different conditions have been reported throughout the range of both of these hosts; of these 50 have been reported in edible cockles, and 28 in lagoon cockles. Cockles are hosts to viruses, bacteria, fungi (including Microsporidia), Apicomplexa, Amoeba, Ciliophora, Perkinsozoa, Haplosporidia, Cercozoa, Turbellaria, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Crustacea and Nemertea. A number of these have been reported sporadically although they may be associated with mortalities. In particular, mortalities have been associated predominately with digeneans and some protistan infections. In many cases pathology is marked in affected animals and parasites have been shown to reduce fecundity, alter burrowing behaviour and limit growth. The review provides information on the individual and population effects of these conditions as well as providing suggestions for future research. In particular, there has been a lack of taxonomic rigour applied to many studies and as a result there are a number of erroneous host records. There is a need to re-describe a number of parasite species and to determine the lifecycle of those considered to be important mortality drivers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{appeltans_magnitude_2012,

title = {The Magnitude of Global Marine Species Diversity},

author = {Ward Appeltans and Shane T Ahyong and Gary Anderson and Martin V Angel and Tom Artois and Nicolas Bailly and Roger Bamber and Anthony Barber and Ilse Bartsch and Annalisa Berta and Magdalena Ewicz-Paszkowycz and Phil Bock and Geoff Boxshall and Christopher B Boyko and Simone Nunes Brandao and Rod A Bray and Niel L Bruce and Stephen D Cairns and Tin Yam Chan and Lanna Cheng and Allen G Collins and Thomas Cribb and Marco Curini-Galletti and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas and Peter J Davie and Michael N Dawson and Olivier De Clerck and Wim Decock and Sammy De Grave and Nicole J De Voogd and Daryl P Domning and Christian C Emig and Christer Erseus and William Eschmeyer and Kristian Fauchald and Daphne G Fautin and Stephen W Feist and Charles H Fransen and Hidetaka Furuya and Oscar Garcia-Alvarez and Sarah Gerken and David Gibson and Arjan Gittenberger and Serge Gofas and Liza Gomez-Daglio and Dennis P Gordon and Michael D Guiry and Francisco Hernandez and Bert W Hoeksema and Russell R Hopcroft and Dami Jaume and Paul Kirk and Nico Koedam and Stefan Koenemann and Jorgen B Kolb and Reinhardt M Kristensen and Andreas Kroh and Gretchen Lambert and David B Lazarus and Rafael Lemaitre and Matt Longshaw and Jim Lowry and Enrique Macpherson and Laurence P Madin and Christopher Mah and Gill Mapstone and Patsy A McLaughlin and Jan Mees and Kenneth Meland and Charles G Messing and Claudia E Mills and Tina N Molodtsova and Rich Mooi and Birger Neuhaus and Peter K Ng and Claus Nielsen and Jon Norenburg and Dennis M Opresko and Masayuki Osawa and Gustav Paulay and William Perrin and John F Pilger and Gary C Poore and Phil Pugh and Geoffrey B Read and James D Reimer and Marc Rius and Rosana M Rocha and Jos I Saiz-Salinas and Victor Scarabino and Bernd Schierwater and Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa and Kareen E Schnabel and Marilyn Schotte and Peter Schuchert and Enrico Schwabe and Hendrik Segers and Caryn Self-Sullivan and Noa Shenkar and Volker Siegel and Wolfgang Sterrer and Sabine Stohr and Billie Swalla and Mark L Tasker and Erik V Thuesen and Tarmo Timm and M. Antonio Todaro and Xavier Turon and Seth Tyler and Peter Uetz and Jacob Van der Land and Bart Vanhoorne and Leen P Van Ofwegen and Rob W Van Soest and Jan Vanaverbeke and Genefor Walker-Smith and T. Chad Walter and Alan Warren and Gary C Williams and Simon P Wilson and Mark J Costello},

url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982212011384},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.036 External Link},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-12-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {22},

number = {23},

pages = {2189–2202},

abstract = {The question of how many marine species exist is important because it provides a metric for how much we do and do not know about life in the oceans. We have compiled the first register of the marine species of the world and used this baseline to estimate how many more species, partitioned among all major eukaryotic groups, may be discovered. There are <226,000 eukaryotic marine species described. More species were described in the past decade (<20,000) than in any previous one. The number of authors describing new species has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of new species described in the past six decades. We report that there are <170,000 synonyms, that 58,00072,000 species are collected but not yet described, and that 482,000741,000 more species have yet to be sampled. Molecular methods may add tens of thousands of cryptic species. Thus, there may be 0.71.0 million marine species. Past rates of description of new species indicate there may be 0.5 � 0.2 million marine species. On average 37% (median 31%) of species in over 100 recent field studies around the world might be new to science. Currently, between one-third and two-thirds of marine species may be undescribed, and previous estimates of there being well over one million marine species appear highly unlikely. More species than ever before are being described annually by an increasing number of authors. If the current trend continues, most species will be discovered this century. � <226,000 described eukaryotic marine species are accepted and <170,000 are not � Experts and statistics predict that fewer than one million marine species exist � 70,000 species may already be in specimen collections, waiting to be described � Most of marine life may be discovered this century},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_anisakis_2012,

title = {Anisakis larvae ("herringworm"; Nematoda) in fish},

author = {M Longshaw},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {ICES identification leaflets for diseases and parasites of fish and shellfish},

volume = {8},

pages = {1–5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_pseudoterranova_2012,

title = {Pseudoterranova larvae ("codworm"; Nematoda) in fish},

author = {M Longshaw},

url = {dfbdfb},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {ICES Fiche},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_applicability_2012,

title = {Applicability of sampling environmental DNA for aquatic diseases},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist and B Oidtmann and D M Stone},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists},

volume = {32},

number = {2},

pages = {69–76},

abstract = {Abstract We consider the applicability of using newly developed methods for the detection of aquatic pathogens with a focus on Gyrodactylus salaris as a model species. Whilst there is huge potential for the method to be used in detection of pathogens, it is probable that the technique is currently limited by a lack of data on shedding rates and survival of infectious agents as well as a lack of data on stability of pathogen DNA under different environmental conditions. Future work should address some of these gaps in our knowledge prior to full implementation of the proposed approach for pathogen detection in the absence of disease manifestation},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{malham_review_2012,

title = {A review of the biology of European cockles (Cerastoderma spp.)},

author = {S K Malham and T H Hutchinson and M Longshaw},

doi = {10.1017/S0025315412000355},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},

volume = {92},

number = {7},

pages = {1563–1584},

abstract = {This review examines the biology of the two main cockle species Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum found in coastal areas around the north-east Atlantic from Norway to Morocco and through the Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. It considers those factors in particular that impact on the overall health and survival of individuals as well as populations. Methods for the discrimination of the species are reviewed as well as the approaches being taken to delineate different populations, which},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{de_broyer_how_2011,

title = {How many species in the Southern Ocean? Towards a dynamic inventory of the Antarctic marine species},

author = {C De Broyer and B Danis and L Allcock and M Angel and C Arango and T Artois and D Barnes and I Bartsch and M Bester and K Blachowiak-Samolyk and M Blazewicz and J Bohn and A Brandt and S N Brandao and B David and M Salas and M Eleaume and C Emig and D Fautin and K H George and D Gillan and A Gooday and R Hopcroft and M Jangoux and D Janussen and P Koubbi and J Kouwenberg and P Kuklinski and R Ligowski and D Lindsay and K Linse and M Longshaw and P Lopez-Gonzalez and P Martin and T Munilla and U Muhlenhardt-Siegel and B Neuhaus and J Norenburg and C Ozouf-Costaz and E Pakhomov and W Perrin and V Petryashov and A L Pena-Cantero and U Piatkowski and A Pierrot-Bults and A Rocka and J Saiz-Salinas and L Salvini-Plawen and V Scarabino and S Schiaparelli and M Schrodl and E Schwabe and F Scott and J Sicinski and V Siegel and I Smirnov and S Thatje and A Utevsky and A Vanreusel and C Wiencke and E Woehler and K Zdzitowiecki and W Zeidler},

url = {wos:000288470800002},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.007},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},

volume = {58},

number = {1-2},

pages = {5–17},

abstract = {The IPY sister-projects CAML and SCAR-MarBIN provided a timely opportunity, a strong collaborative framework and an appropriate momentum to attempt assessing the "Known, Unknown and Unknowable" of Antarctic marine biodiversity. To allow assessing the known biodiversity, SCAR-MarBIN "Register of Antarctic Marine Species (RAMS)" was compiled and published by a panel of 64 taxonomic experts. Thanks to this outstanding expertise mobilized for the first time, an accurate list of more than 8100 valid species was compiled and an up-to-date systematic classification comprising more than 16,800 taxon names was established. This taxonomic information is progressively and systematically completed by species occurrence data, provided by literature, taxonomic and biogeographic databases, new data from CAML and other cruises, and museum collections. RAMS primary role was to establish a benchmark of the present taxonomic knowledge of the Southern Ocean biodiversity, particularly important in the context of the growing realization of potential impacts of the global change on Antarctic ecosystems. This, in turn, allowed detecting gaps in knowledge, taxonomic treatment and coverage, and estimating the importance of the taxonomic impediment, as well as the needs for more complete and efficient taxonomic tools. A second, but not less important, role of RAMS was to contribute to the "taxonomic backbone" of the SCAR-MarBIN, OBIS and GBIF networks, to establish a dynamic information system on Antarctic marine biodiversity for the future. The unknown part of the Southern Ocean biodiversity was approached by pointing out what remains to be explored and described in terms of geographical locations and bathymetric zones, habitats, or size classes of organisms. The growing importance of cryptic species is stressed, as they are more and more often detected by molecular studies in several taxa. Relying on RAMS results and on some case studies of particular model groups, the question of the potential number of species that remains to be discovered in the Southern Ocean is discussed. In terms of taxonomic inputs to the census of Southern Ocean biodiversity, the current rate of progress in inventorying the Antarctic marine species as well as the state of taxonomic resources and capacity were assessed. Different ways of improving the taxonomic inputs are suggested. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_diseases_2011,

title = {Diseases of crayfish: A review},

author = {M Longshaw},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJV-51W6NYJ-7/2/6efe55992b4967afd31cba5be0211a33},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.013},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {106},

number = {1},

pages = {54–70},

abstract = {A systematic review of parasites, pathogens and commensals of freshwater crayfish has been conducted. All major groups of disease causing agents have been covered including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protistans and metazoans. Most agents tend to cause limited problems for crayfish. Exceptions to this include fungi, bacteria and viruses. However, in many cases, these tend to be isolated reports in either a specific geographical location or in individual animals. The apparent absence of pathology associated with these agents in crayfish should not be taken to suggest that movements of crayfish to new geographical areas is necessarily acceptable. Several examples are given where seemingly healthy animals have been moved to new areas leading to mortality of other crayfish within the same area as a direct result of transmission of pathogens to na�ve hosts. Some future research needs are proposed, including the need for pathogen characterisation and production of disease-free crayfish for aquaculture},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{haenen_zoonotic_2009,

title = {Zoonotic infections from fish and shellfish},

author = {O Haenen and J Evans and M Longshaw},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {European Association of Fish Pathologists},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{johnson_british_2009,

title = {The British river of the future: How climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in England},

author = {A C Johnson and M C Acreman and M J Dunbar and S W Feist and A M Giacomello and R E Gozlan and S A Hinsley and A T Ibbotson and H P Jarvie and I Jones and M Longshaw and S C Maberly and T J Marsh and C Neal and J R Newman and M A Nunn and R W Pickup and N S Reynard and C A Sullivan and J P Sumpter and R J Williams},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.018},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {407},

pages = {4787–4798},

abstract = {The possible effects of changing climate on a southern and a north-eastern English river (the Thames and the Yorkshire Ouse, respectively) were examined in relation to water and ecological quality throughout the food web. The CLASSIC hydrological model, driven by output from the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3), based on IPCC low and high CO2 emission scenarios for 2080 were used as the basis for the analysis. Compared to current conditions, the CLASSIC model predicted lower flows for both rivers, in all seasons except winter. Such an outcome would lead to longer residence times (by up to a month in the Thames), with nutrient, organic and biological contaminant concentrations elevated by 70-100% pro-rata, assuming sewage treatment effectiveness remains unchanged. Greater opportunities for phytoplankton growth will arise, and this may be significant in the Thames. Warmer winters and milder springs will favour riverine birds and increase the recruitment of many coarse fish species. However, warm, slow-flowing, shallower water would increase the incidence of fish diseases. These changing conditions would make southern UK rivers in general a less favourable habitat for some species of fish, such as the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Accidental or deliberate, introductions of alien macrophytes and fish may change the range of species in the rivers. In some areas, it is possible that a concurrence of different pressures may give rise to the temporary loss of ecosystem services, such as providing acceptable quality water for humans and industry. An increasing demand for water in southern England due to an expanding population, a possibly reduced flow due to climate change, together with theWater Framework Directive obligation to maintain water quality, will put extreme pressure on river ecosystems, such as the Thames},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_histopathology_2008,

title = {Histopathology of fish parasite infections - importance for populations},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02060.xDigital Object Identifier (DOI)},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},

volume = {73},

pages = {2143–2160},

abstract = {There is a bewildering array of fish parasites and probably all fish species harbour one or more species. Under normal conditions hosts often show little or no signs of infection, either clinically or at the organ and tissue level. All tissues can be infected, including the blood. Coelozoic species generally do not elicit significant host responses. Any developmental stages, however, where these migrate through the host tissues may produce a cellular response if resident for sufficient time. Histozoic parasites are generally more likely to evoke a pathological response since they are invariably in more intimate contact with immunocompetent host cells such as lymphocytes and phagocytes. In some cases, particularly with protistan infections, host response can be dramatic and cause significant disease due to organ dysfunction, with subsequent mortalities. Infections of the external epithelia caused by a variety of parasites including Monogenea and Copepoda are also significant, especially when large numbers are present. Resulting tissue necrosis compromises osmoregulation and facilitates entry of prokaryote infections. Parasites have numerous strategies to evade detection within the host, but even protected intracellular forms, e.g. microsporeans and muscle-invading myxozoans are recognized when they outgrow their accommodation or large cysts rupture, presenting parasite antigens to the host. In most instances, an evolutionary balance has been achieved between the host and the parasite and even when histopathology is evident, this is frequently localized and does not unduly impair performance of the affected organ. Examples include chronic inflammation, granuloma formation and focal fibrosis. This paper outlines the principle histopathological responses to a variety of parasite groups and provides a more detailed treatment of selected parasitic infections in marine and freshwater fish species to illustrate the relative importance of acute and chronic parasitic infections for host survival},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gozlan_effect_2006,

title = {Effect of microbial pathogens on the diversity of aquatic populations, notably in Europe},

author = {R E Gozlan and E J Peeler and M Longshaw and S St-Hilaire and S W Feist},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457906000207},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.010},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-04-01},

journal = {Microbes and Infection},

volume = {8},

number = {5},

pages = {1358–1364},

abstract = {The expansion of aquaculture and the demand for ornamental fish have resulted in the large-scale movements of aquatic animals and their pathogens. Here we review the most important non-native fish and shellfish pathogens in European waters and their global impacts on wild fish host populations. The role of theoretical models in the study of the impact of microbial pathogens is discussed, including its integration into risk assessments},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{kent_recent_2001,

title = {Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa},

author = {M L Kent and K Andree and J L Bartholomew and M El-Matbouli and S S Desser and R H Devlin and S W Feist and R P Hedrick and R W Hoffman and J Khattra and S L Hallett and R J G Lester and M Longshaw and O Palenzuela and M E Siddall and C Xiao and K B Andree and M El Matbouli and R W Hoffmann and Al Khattra et},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WVB-45GNBMG-112/2/4dd2e4eced62cacfcb416c6e054b70c8},

doi = {10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},

volume = {48},

number = {4},

pages = {395–413},

abstract = {In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosalmonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that:1) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin-based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re-emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post-harvest myoliquefaction in pen-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen-reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_myxosporidiosis_2000,

title = {Myxosporidiosis of fish and the bryozoan link with proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Fish Veterinary Journal},

volume = {5},

pages = {37–46},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_agent_2000,

title = {The agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) requires a bryozoan in its lifecycle - studies at CEFAS Weymouth on PKD and other myxozoans},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Trout News},

volume = {29},

pages = {24–27},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_marteilia_1996,

title = {Marteilia species in oysters - one species or two?},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist and R A Matthews},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Shellfish News},

volume = {2},

pages = {14–17},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}