Publications

@article{longshaw_checklist_2026,

title = {A checklist of parasites of freshwater fish of the British Isles—Kennedy revisited, reviewed and reassessed},

author = {Matt Longshaw and Chris Williams and Amy Reading and Andrew P. Shinn},

url = {https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5825.1.1},

doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5825.1.1},

issn = {1175-5334, 1175-5326},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-06-01},

urldate = {2026-06-05},

journal = {Zootaxa},

volume = {5825},

number = {1},

pages = {1–198},

abstract = {This review addresses the current state of knowledge regarding freshwater fish parasites in the British Isles, highlighting the significant gap since kennedy’s seminal 1974 work (Journal of Fish Biology 6: 613–644). Despite subsequent efforts by others to produce checklists in 1992 and 2016, comprehensive updates to parasite distribution patterns and species records have been limited. The paper emphasises the importance of accurate parasite checklists for understanding the status of and changes to endemic species baselines, climate change impacts, managing fish translocations, and identifying novel infections. Historical records, including paleoparasitological findings from archaeological deposits, provide valuable insights into parasite distribution patterns, though pre-1900s data requires careful interpretation due to taxonomic limitations. This study provides compiled parasite and host lists from published and unpublished records, creating a database that includes host species, parasite nomenclature, organ location, geographical distribution, and reference information. The current compilation details 339 named parasite species in 147 genera from 58 hosts (52 Protista, 3 Microsporidia, 54 Myxozoa, 83 “Monogenea” (79 Monopisthocotyla, 4 Polyopisthocotyla), 58 Digenea and Aspidogastrea, 33 Cestoda, 21 Nematoda, 7 Acanthocephala, 5 Hirudinea, 14 Copepoda, 4 Branchiura, and 5 Mollusca). A further 69 parasites identified to genus or class level have been reported, bringing the total number of parasites reported in the British Isles to 408. Several challenges are identified, including data transposition errors in previous works, sampling method inconsistencies, difficulties in accessing unpublished data, scant repositories to retrospectively evaluate findings, absence of molecular and taxonomic rigour, and the impact of anthropogenic activities on parasite distributions. As a result, any list may represent a significant underestimate of species presence and diversity. The review concludes by recommending future research directions, emphasising the need for combined molecular and morphological approaches, standardised documentation methods, and increased focus on under-represented taxa to enhance our understanding of freshwater fish parasites in the British Isles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{foster_re-examination_2025,

title = {Re-examination of archived materials reveals infection of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha in UK waters with the parasite Haplosporidium raabei},

author = {Rachel Foster and Jasmine Hunt and Kelly Bateman and Matthew Green and William Ball and Matt Longshaw and Laura Heath and Paul Stebbing and Georgia Ward},

doi = {10.1007/s10530-025-03545-0},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Biological Invasions},

volume = {27},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {Recent increased interest in the role of invasive bivalve species in the translocation of non-native parasite and symbiont species prompted the re-examination of archived samples of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha collected in 2012 and 2013 from Cardiff Bay, Wales and Grafham Water, England. Histopathological survey of parasites and pests identified the presence of haplosporidian-like cells. Comparison of these cells with the published description and digitally scanned tissue sections of the type of material of Haplosporidium raabei indicated the presence of H. raabei in established populations of zebra mussels in the UK. Confirmatory FFPE DNA extraction and targeted PCR confirmed the molecular identity of the parasite. This is the first record of the lethal, but presumed rare, zebra mussel parasite in UK waters, and demonstrates the value of archive samples for invasive parasite records. The translocation and establishment of this freshwater mussel pathogen should be further researched, given the current ecologically threatened status of native freshwater mussels.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_safety_2025,

title = {The Safety of FeedKind Pet® (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) as a Cultured Protein Source in the Diet of Adult Dogs and Its Effect on Feed Digestibility, Fecal Microbiome, and Health Status},

author = {Matt Longshaw and Bradley Quest and Walt Miller and Patricia M. Oba and Olivia R. Swanson and Kelly S. Swanson and Kathryn Miller},

url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12249425/},

doi = {10.3390/ani15131975},

issn = {2076-2615},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-07-24},

journal = {Animals},

volume = {15},

number = {13},

pages = {1975},

abstract = {Thirty-two beagles were fed diets containing up to 8% cultured protein for six months, then fed control diets for a further two months. The safety of the protein was assessed by measuring blood and urine parameters as well as the growth of the dogs. Additionally, the intestinal microbiome was shown to be positively influenced by the cultured protein. The diets were well tolerated by the dogs with no reduction in feed intake and were readily digested, providing all of the essential nutrients required. The study showed that FeedKind Pet® is safe as a protein source for dogs and can be included at up to 8% of the total diet with no harmful side effects., Thirty-two healthy adult dogs (16 males and 16 females) were fed control kibble diets for one month, followed by six months (Weeks 0 to 25) of diets containing either 0, 4, 6, or 8% cultured protein derived from Methylococcus capsulatus (FeedKind Pet®, FK), then they were fed control diets (0% FK) for a further two months (Weeks 25 to 34). The diets were isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isocaloric and stage- and age-specific. The dogs were assessed for overall health, weight gain, and body condition score (BCS). Blood samples were collected 1 week prior to randomization, during acclimation, then in Weeks 5, 13, 25, 30, 32, and 34 for hematology, coagulation, and clinical chemistry; urine was collected according to the same time schedule for urinalysis. Feces were assessed for parasite load and presence of occult blood during Weeks 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25. Fecal samples were collected during acclimation and Weeks 25 and 34 for fecal microbiome analysis and in Week 25 for apparent total gastrointestinal tract digestibility (ATTD). All dogs maintained a healthy weight and BCS throughout the study. Hematology parameters were within normal limits at the end of each phase of the study. With the exception of a decrease in serum phosphorus level and in urine pH in all groups at the end of the study, urine and serum chemistry results were within normal limits at the end of each phase. ATTD values for organic matter, protein, and energy exceeded 80%, whilst digestibility values for copper were around 20%. The fecal microbiome was dominated by Firmicutes. Alpha diversity increased during the safety phase before returning to baseline levels during the washout phase. The dominant genera in all groups were Megamonas, Peptoclostridium, Turicibacter, Catenibacterium, Fusobacterium, Romboutsia, and Blautia. The study has shown that the inclusion of cultured protein at up to 8% of the total diet of adult dogs can provide sufficient nutrition and is safe with no long-term effects on a range of health parameters.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{zhang_methanotroph_2025,

title = {Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal, influences the intestinal microbiome, and improves intestinal barrier function and immunity in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscointestinetatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂)},

author = {Jiacheng Zhang and Weixing Liang and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Xiaohui Dong and Qihui Yang and Hongyu Liu and Junming Deng and Beiping Tan and Shuyan Chi},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405654525000952},

doi = {10.1016/j.aninu.2025.03.020},

issn = {2405-6545},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-08-18},

journal = {Animal Nutrition},

volume = {22},

pages = {321–336},

abstract = {The hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscointestinetatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) is an important aquaculture marine species in China. The current study was designed to test the effects of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal (MBM) on hybrid grouper growth and intestinal health outcomes. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were formulated, comprising a control diet (MBM0) with 400 g/kg fish meal (FM) as the main protein source, and four experimental diets, in which FM was replaced at 5% (MBM2), 10% (MBM4), 20% (MBM8) and 30% (MBM12) with 20, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg of MBM, respectively. The 450 healthy juvenile hybrid grouper (initial weight 28.84 ± 0.05 g) were randomly allocated into five groups, with three replicates in each group and 30 fish in each replicate. They were fed for eight weeks prior to being sampled for transcriptome and microbiome research. The final body weight (FBW, P < 0.001) and weight gain rate (WGR, P < 0.001) were obviously enhanced in MBM2 and MBM8 groups compared to MBM0 group, and the specific growth rate (SGR) in the MBM2 and MBM8 groups were significantly enhanced compared to MBM0 group (P < 0.001). The condition factor (CF) in MBM4 and MBM8 groups were considerably reduced than that in MBM0 group (P = 0.008). The hepatosomatic index (HSI) in MBM8 and MBM12 groups were obviously enhanced than that in the other groups (P < 0.001). In the intestinal microflora analysis, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) exhibited a significant linear increase with increasing MBM replacement ratio (P = 0.015). Concurrently, the richness of bacterial families and genera showed significant linear enrichment (P = 0.023 and P = 0.028, respectively). There was a decrease in the relative abundance of the potentially pathogenic genera Photobacterium and Vibrio in the MBM-fed groups compared with the control group. The study has effectively shown that MBM may significantly enhance the health and growth of hybrid groupers by partially replacing FM in diets at the required amount of 3.70%, as determined by WGR regression analysis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{samsing_replacement_2024,

title = {Replacement of fishmeal with a microbial single-cell protein induced enteropathy and poor growth outcomes in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fry},

author = {Francisca Samsing and Roisin Sullivan and Ha Truong and Artur Robenso and Cheryl R. Sangster and Jo Bannister and Matt Longshaw and Joy A. Becker},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfd.13985},

doi = {10.1111/jfd.13985},

issn = {1365-2761},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-06-26},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {47},

number = {9},

pages = {e13985},

abstract = {Fish meal (FM) replacement is essential for the sustainable expansion of aquaculture. This study focussed on the feasibility of replacing FM with a single-cell protein (SCP) derived from methanotrophic bacteria (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) in barramundi fry (Lates calcarifer). Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with 0%, 6.4% and 12.9% inclusion of the SCP, replacing FM by 0%, 25% and 50%. Barramundi fry (initial body weight 2.5 ± 0.1 g) were fed experimental diets for 21 days to assess growth performance, gut microbiome composition and gut histopathology. Our findings revealed that both levels of SCP inclusion induced detrimental effects in barramundi fry, including impaired growth and reduced survival compared with the control group (66.7% and 71.7% survival in diets replacing FM with SCP by 25% and 50%, respectively; p < .05). Both dietary treatments presented mild necrotizing enteritis with subepithelial oedema and accumulation of PAS positive, diastase resistant droplets within hepatocytes (ceroid hepatopathy) and pancreatic atrophy. Microbiome analysis revealed a marked shift in the gut microbial community with the expansion of potential opportunistic bacteria in the genus Aeromonas. Reduced overall performance in the highest inclusion level (50% SCP) was primarily associated with reduced feed intake, likely related to palatability issues, albeit pathological changes observed in gut and liver may also play a role. Our study highlights the importance of meticulous optimization of SCP inclusion levels in aquafeed formulations, and the need for species and life-stage specific assessments to ensure the health and welfare of fish in sustainable aquaculture practices.},

note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jfd.13985},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{glencross_digestibility_2023,

title = {Digestibility of bacterial protein by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is affected by both inclusion level and acclimation time},

author = {Brett Glencross and Pedro Muñoz-Lopez and Chessor Matthew and Simon MacKenzie and Adam Powell and Matt Longshaw and Allan LeBlanc},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848622012546},

doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.739137},

issn = {0044-8486},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2022-12-08},

journal = {Aquaculture},

volume = {565},

pages = {739137},

abstract = {The impact of acclimation time and inclusion level of a bacterial protein (BP) meal on the digestibility of protein and amino acids to post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was examined using a factorial experimental design that compared acclimation over five time points (3-days, 10-days, 17-days, 24-days, and 35-days) and five BP inclusion levels (0 g/kg, 100 g/kg, 200 g/kg, 300 g/kg and 400 g/kg). An additional test diet with soy protein concentrate (300 g/kg) was included as a comparison. Each of the diets were prepared from the same basal mash and using the same processing methods. Feed intake was measured daily. The results of the study showed that diet apparent digestibility coefficients (DADC) changed markedly over the time-course of the study, initially being low and variable before stabilizing at higher values from day-17 onwards. However, the effect on temporal variability of DADC values was consistent across all diets. This consistency translated to comparatively stable ingredient apparent digestibility coefficients (IADC) across each of the time points assessed, though there was a significant decline in all IADC values over time. Additionally, the IADC data was less reliable at the 10% inclusion level with higher variability and significantly differed from the other values determined at the higher inclusion levels. Furthermore, there was not always consistency in the IADC values for nitrogen and sum of amino acids, although both are often used as measures of protein. There were also significant differences among the different amino acids in terms of their IADC values. Although there was a trend towards poorer feed intake with the higher inclusion levels of the BP, this was no worse than that observed for the soy protein concentrate. In recognition of the findings of this study we are suggesting that digestibility studies with Atlantic salmon post-smolt should acclimate for a minimum of 14-days prior to faecal collection and that test ingredient inclusion should be 200 g/kg or greater to obtain reliable data.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{oba_comparing_2023,

title = {Comparing the standardized amino acid digestibility of an alternative protein source with commercially available protein-based ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay},

author = {Patrícia M Oba and Pamela L Utterback and Matt Longshaw and Carl M Parsons and Kelly S Swanson},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad236},

doi = {10.1093/jas/skad236},

issn = {1525-3163},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-08-03},

journal = {Journal of Animal Science},

volume = {101},

pages = {skad236},

abstract = {Using single-cell-based proteins in pet foods is of interest, but little testing has been done. Therefore, our objective was to determine the amino acid (AA) digestibilities, assess protein quality of a novel microbial protein (MP) (FeedKind), and compare it with other protein-based ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Test ingredients included: MP, chicken meal (CM), corn gluten meal (CGM), pea protein (PP), and black soldier fly larvae. Thirty cecectomized roosters (n = 6/ingredient) were randomly assigned to test ingredients. After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 15 g test ingredient and 15 g corn, and then excreta were collected for 48 h. Endogenous AA corrections were made using additional roosters. Digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS)-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), The European Pet Food Industry Federation, and National Research Council reference values for growing and adult dogs and cats. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, with P ≤ 0.05 being significant. All reactive lysine:total lysine ratios, an indicator of heat damage, were higher than 0.9, except for CM (0.86). Digestibility of indispensable and dispensable AA were >85% and >80% for MP, respectively, with indispensable AA digestibilities being >80% for all other ingredients. In general, CGM had the highest, while CM had the lowest AA digestibilities. Two exceptions were lysine and tryptophan. Lysine digestibility for MP was higher than that of all other ingredients, while tryptophan digestibility for MP was higher than that of CM, CGM, and PP. Threonine digestibility was highest for CGM and MP. Valine digestibility was highest for CGM, PP, and MP. DIAAS-like calculations identified limiting AA of each ingredient and depended on the reference used and life stage and species of animal. Using AAFCO guidelines, all DIAAS-like values for MP were >100 suggesting that it could be used as the sole source of protein in adult dog and cat diets; only methionine had DIAAS-like values <100 for growing kittens. For dogs, limiting AA was most commonly methionine, threonine, and tryptophan in the other protein sources. For cats, limiting AA was most commonly lysine and methionine. Lysine was severely limited in CGM across all life stages considered. Further research in dogs and cats is necessary, but our data suggest that the MP tested has high AA digestibilities and is a high-quality protein source that may be useful in pet foods.Single-cell-based proteins are of interest for use in pet foods, but little testing has been done. The objective of this experiment was to compare the amino acid (AA) digestibilities and protein quality of a novel microbial protein (MP) (FeedKind) with chicken meal (CM), corn gluten meal (CGM), pea protein (PP), and black soldier fly larvae ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Cecectomized roosters were tube-fed the test ingredients and excreta were collected. All reactive lysine:total lysine ratios, an indicator of heat damage, were higher than 0.9, except for CM. Digestibility of indispensable and dispensable AA were >85% and >80% for MP, respectively, with indispensable AA digestibilities being >80% for all other ingredients. In general, CGM had the highest, while CM had the lowest AA digestibilities. Lysine and tryptophan were exceptions, being highest for MP. Threonine and valine digestibilities were also high for MP. Digestible indispensable AA score-like values identified limiting AA of each ingredient. Limiting AA was most commonly methionine, threonine, and tryptophan for dogs and lysine and methionine for cats. Our data suggest that the MP tested has high AA digestibilities and is a high-quality protein source that may be useful in pet foods.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shinn_global_2023,

title = {A global review of problematic and pathogenic parasites of farmed tilapia},

author = {Andrew P. Shinn and Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage and Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso and Armando J. Cruz-Laufer and Adriana García-Vásquez and Jesús S. Hernández-Orts and Roman Kuchta and Matt Longshaw and Matthijs Metselaar and Antoine Pariselle and Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León and Pravata Kumar Pradhan and Miguel Rubio-Godoy and Neeraj Sood and Maarten P. M. Vanhove and Marty R. Deveney},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/raq.12742},

doi = {10.1111/raq.12742},

issn = {1753-5131},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-03-16},

journal = {Reviews in Aquaculture},

volume = {15},

number = {S1},

pages = {92–153},

abstract = {Over the past 80 years, tilapia have been translocated globally for aquaculture; active production is recorded in >124 countries. Of 7 million tonnes of tilapia produced in aquaculture, 79% is from 79 countries outside the natural range of tilapia. Capture fisheries account for a further 723,627 tonnes of tilapia, and >47% of this is landed from established invasive populations outside Africa. Tilapias host a rich fauna of parasites, many of which have been translocated with their hosts. This review summarises >2500 host–parasite records from 73+ countries and >820 recorded tilapia translocations (provided in the supplementary materials). This work focuses on the notable pathogens that threaten the health of cultured populations of tilapia, providing a description of their pathology and includes species that also have substantial impacts on wild tilapia populations, where relevant. For each major parasite taxonomic group, we highlight which parasites have been translocated or have been acquired from the new environments into which tilapia have been introduced, together with remarks on standard treatment approaches and research on them and their management and control. Regarding the theme ‘Tilapia health: quo vadis?’, Africa has enormous potential for aquaculture growth, but substantial knowledge gaps about tilapia parasites in many African states remain, which creates associated production and biosecurity risks. For each parasitic group, therefore, the risks of parasite translocation to new regions as tilapia aquaculture industries expand are highlighted.},

note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/raq.12742},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{yu_substituting_2023,

title = {Substituting fish meal with a bacteria protein (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) grown on natural gas: Effects on growth non-specific immunity and gut health of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus)},

author = {Man-han Yu and Xue-shan Li and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Kai Song and Ling Wang and Chun-xiao Zhang and Kang-le Lu},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840122003546},

doi = {10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115556},

issn = {0377-8401},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-03},

journal = {Animal Feed Science and Technology},

volume = {296},

pages = {115556},

abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate effects of substituting fish meal (FM) by methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) on growth performance, non-specific immunity and gut health of Lateolabrax maculatus. Six iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated with 0, 3.5%, 7%, 10.5%, 14% and 17.5% FK to substitute 0 (control group, FM content: 35%), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% fish meal, referred to as FM, FK3.5, FK7, FK10.5, FK14, and FK17.5 respectively. Fish (initial body weight: 11.00 ± 0.02 g) were fed experimental diets for 56 days. Results showed that growth of fish fed the FK3.5 diets was significantly increased (P < 0.05) but that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth of the other groups (FK7-FK17.5) compared with control group. Although survival of fish in the 50% substitution group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the other groups, there was no overall trend in the survival data. The activities of serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), gut lipase and protease and the contents of serum total protein and albumin in the FK3.5 group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the activities/contents of serum ACP, AKP, lysozyme and complement 4 in the FK10.5, FK14 and FK17.5 groups were significantly decreased compared with control group. There was no significant difference in gut mucosal structure among all groups. The analysis of gut flora showed that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the FK7 and FK10.5 groups was significantly higher than other groups. In conclusion, dietary FK inclusion level up to 14% of total diet to replace 40% FM is possible without negatively affecting the growth performance of spotted seabass. Furthermore, the replacement of FM with 3.5% FK enhances the growth and immune, and substituting 20–30% of FM by 7–10.5% FK increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in intestine of fish.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{zhang_methanotroph_2023,

title = {Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal alleviates soybean meal-induced enteritis in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) by modulating immune responses and the intestinal flora},

author = {Jian Zhang and Manhan Yu and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Kai Song and Ling Wang and Xueshan Li and Chunxiao Zhang and Kangle Lu},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848623005690},

doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739795},

issn = {0044-8486},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-06-21},

journal = {Aquaculture},

volume = {575},

pages = {739795},

abstract = {The effect of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) supplementation in a high-soybean meal diet on growth, non-specific immunity, and gut health in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) was investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated: control (containing 38% fish meal, FM, and 16.5% soybean meal, SBM), a high-soybean meal diet (containing 28% FM and 35% SBM), and four experimental diets each containing 28% FM and 35% SBM with the addition of FK at 2% (FK2), 4% (FK4), 6% (FK6) or 8% (FK8) in the diet to replace wheat gluten. All diets also contained 0.1% yttrium oxide to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and crude lipid. Following a 14-day acclimation period, fish were fed the diets for 56 days. Results showed that the FK2 and FK4 groups showed significantly higher weight gain (WG) compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05), whilst the FK2, FK6, and FK8 groups showed higher WG compared to the FM group (P < 0.05). The FK2, FK4, and FK8 had lower feed conversion rate (FCR) compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05). No differences were noted in overall survival. Intestinal lipase activity was significantly increased in the FK2 and FK4 groups and trypsin activity was significantly increased in the FK2 group compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05). The FK2 group showed significantly higher apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients than the SBM group (P < 0.05). The expressions of anti-inflammatory genes (tgfβ, il-4, and il-10) in the intestine of the FK-supplemented group showed a significant increment (P < 0.05), whilst the expressions of pro-inflammatory genes (tnfα, il-1β, and il-8) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that indexes of alpha diversity in the SBM group were decreased (P < 0.05) compared with all other diets. In addition, the FK2 group showed significantly higher serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), complement 4 (C4), and total protein (TP), levels than the SBM group (P < 0.05). Inclusion of FeedKind in high SBM diets alleviated SBM-induced intestinal inflammation by modulating the expression of intestinal inflammatory factors and regulating intestinal flora. Overall, supplementation of SBM diets with 2%–4% FK improved growth, non-specific immunity, and ADC's in spotted seabass.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chen_evaluation_2022,

title = {Evaluation of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal as an alternative protein source for growth performance, digestive enzymes, and health status of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)},

author = {Kai Chen and Gladstone Sagada and Bingying Xu and Yuechong Liu and Lu Zheng and Arnaud Fabrice Tegomo and Yifei Yang and Yuxiao Sun and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Qingjun Shao},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00869-9},

doi = {10.1007/s10499-022-00869-9},

issn = {1573-143X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-01},

urldate = {2023-02-27},

journal = {Aquaculture International},

volume = {30},

number = {4},

pages = {1693–1710},

abstract = {The increasing cost of fishmeal (FM) with limited supply and the continuous development of aquaculture necessitate more economical FM substitutes. This study aimed to appraise the effects of dietary methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal, a kind of methane-utilizing bacteria protein (MBP), replacing fishmeal on the growth and feed utilization, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and digestive enzyme activities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were designed with 0%, 6.89%, 13.92%, 21.09%, 28.40%, 35.85%, and 43.46% MBP replacing FM, and fed to Pacific white shrimp (mean initial weight 0.27 ± 0.02 g) for 8 weeks. The shrimp fed with 28.40%, 35.85%, and 43.46% MBP diets showed significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate compared to the control group (P < 0.05), while the other MBP diets had no significant effect on the growth performance (P > 0.05). No statistical differences were found in the activities of digestive enzymes in the stomach, hepatopancreas, and midgut among shrimp fed the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Furthermore, antioxidant parameters in serum and hepatopancreas showed no significant differences among all the groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, it was revealed that MBP replacing from 28.40 to 43.46% FM in the diet with appropriate supplementation of essential amino acids significantly improved the growth of Pacific white shrimp without adverse effects on feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, physiological condition, and antioxidant status. This study provides a reference for replacing FM with MBP in the diet of Pacific white shrimp.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{guo_natural_2022,

title = {A Natural Gas Fermentation Bacterial Meal (FeedKind®) as a Functional Alternative Ingredient for Fishmeal in Diet of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides},

author = {Boyuan Guo and Xia He and Chunyu Ge and Min Xue and Jia Wang and Matt Longshaw and Jie Wang and Xiaofang Liang},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/8/1479},

doi = {10.3390/antiox11081479},

issn = {2076-3921},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-01},

urldate = {2023-02-27},

journal = {Antioxidants},

volume = {11},

number = {8},

pages = {1479},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {A 10-week growth study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a natural gas fermentation bacterial meal (FeedKind®, FK) as a fishmeal (FM) alternative in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (48.0 ± 0.03 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated including one commercial control (C, 42% FM) and three experimental diets with gradient FK of 3% (FK3, 29%FM), 6% (FK6, 26%FM) and 9% (FK9, 23%FM), respectively. FK-fed groups showed significantly higher SR than that of C group. The WGR and SGR of fish fed FK3 and FK6 were significantly higher than those of FK9, but not statistical different from the C group. FK-fed groups showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and nutrients. Further, FK-fed groups increased the ratio of SOD/MDA in the plasma and liver, and the upregulation of intestinal Keap1 and downregulation of HIF1α was found in FK3. Furthermore, FK-fed groups showed higher microbial richness and diversity. Pearson correlation analysis found that antioxidant relevant biomarkers were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of certain potential beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplemented up to 3–6% FK replacing FM in a low FM diet of largemouth bass could increase growth, survival rate, antioxidant capacity, and improve gut microbiota.},

note = {Number: 8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{yu_methanotroph_2022,

title = {Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®) could effectively improve the growth, apparent digestibility coefficient, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant indices of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)},

author = {Heng Yu and Hualiang Liang and Matt Longshaw and Jia Wang and Xianping Ge and Mingchun Ren and Lu Zhang},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840122000918},

doi = {10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115293},

issn = {0377-8401},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-04-01},

urldate = {2022-04-21},

journal = {Animal Feed Science and Technology},

volume = {288},

pages = {115293},

abstract = {A 10-week growth study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of Methylococcus capsulatus (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) meal on the growth, digestibility, intestinal development and serum biochemical indices of juvenile Jian carp. The present results showed that compared to the control group (0% M. capsulatus meal), 6%, 8%, and 10% M. capsulatus meal significantly improved the final average weight (FW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and decreased feed conversion rate (FCR). No significant difference was found in the survival rate (SR) in the treatment groups, and SR of each group was more than 95%. Jian carp had relatively high apparent digestibility of diets containing M. capsulatus meal, the apparent digestibility coefficient of Jian carp for dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy and amino acid of M. capsulatus meal was 70.85%, 90.68%, 67.68%, 80.82%, and 88.00-91.17%, respectively. The addition of M. capsulatus meal had no adverse effect in the intestinal tissue of Jian carp juveniles, and 8% M. capsulatus meal significantly increased the villus width compared with the control group. Improved serum biochemical indices and increased antioxidant capacity of fish was noted in fish fed diets containing M. capsulatus meal. Replacement of M. capsulatus meal at the 6% level significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity compared to the control group. The blood glucose (GLU) of all treatment groups had a decreasing trend, and the 8% and 10% M. capsulatus meal diets had significant effects on GLU content. Compared to the control group, 6%, 8%, and 10% M. capsulatus meal significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content. Compared to the control group, 6% and 8% M. capsulatus meal diets significantly increased serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of Jian carp, and 8% M. capsulatus meal diet significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) activity. The study has demonstrated that the replacement of SBM with Methylococcus capsulatus shows promise as an alternative protein source in the aquaculture industry.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{zhang_effects_2022,

title = {Effects of replacing fishmeal with methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®) on growth and intestinal health status of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)},

author = {Qile Zhang and Hualiang Liang and Matt Longshaw and Jia Wang and Xianping Ge and Jian Zhu and Songlin Li and Mingchun Ren},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050464822000705},

doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.008},

issn = {1050-4648},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-01},

urldate = {2022-02-17},

journal = {Fish & Shellfish Immunology},

volume = {122},

pages = {298–305},

abstract = {A ten-week feeding trial evaluated the feasibility of methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, FK) as a fishmeal substitute in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) diets. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with different inclusion levels of FK (0 (fishmeal group), 43, 86, 129, 172 and 215 g/kg) were formulated to replace 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/kg fishmeal, respectively. The results showed that FK inclusion level could reach 129 g/kg without significantly affecting growth or feed coefficient rate (P > 0.05), while growth performance was decreased and feed coefficient rate increased when FK inclusion levels exceeded 129 g/kg (P < 0.05). Increase in FK inclusion levels tended to reduce plasma total cholesterol and total triglyceride whilst plasma total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in FK treatment groups were unchanged compared with fishmeal group (P > 0.05). FK inclusion levels at 43 g/kg and 86 g/kg were not detrimental to intestinal morphology whilst it was unfavourable when FK inclusion levels exceeded 86 g/kg as the total length of intestinal wall thickness and villus height, villus height were obviously decreased compared with fishmeal group (P < 0.05). As regards to inflammatory cytokine genes, FK instead of fishmeal increased the expression levels of TLR2, RelA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and TGF-β, 43 g/kg and 86 g/kg FK decreased the expression level of Caspase-3 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 129 g/kg FK can replace 150 g/kg fishmeal without negative effects on the growth performance, and replacing 100 g/kg fishmeal with 86 g/kg FK is more beneficial to intestinal health.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{macphail_vibrio_2021,

title = {Vibrio species are predominantly intracellular within cultures of Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)},

author = {David P. C. MacPhail and Rhea Koppenstein and Sutherland K. Maciver and Richard Paley and Matt Longshaw and Fiona L. Henriquez},

url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848620329203},

doi = {10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736083},

issn = {00448486},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-01},

journal = {Aquaculture},

volume = {532},

pages = {736083},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{macphail_bacterial_2019,

title = {The bacterial microbiome of in vitro cultures of Paramoeba perurans},

author = {David MacPhail and Rhea Koppenstein and Matt Longshaw and Fiona Henriquez},

url = {https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0429},

doi = {10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0429},

issn = {2516-8290},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-03-01},

journal = {Access Microbiology},

volume = {1},

number = {1A},

publisher = {Microbiology Society},

abstract = {Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) is a major problem in the aquaculture industry, as it is responsible for substantial losses of farmed Atlantic salmon in various worldwide locations. The disease is caused by the usually free-living Paramoeba perurans compromising the gills through the resulting development of hyperplastic lesions and lamellar fusion. These structural changes result in a reduction in the functional surface area of the gill tissues. Recent research has focused on identifying bacteria present within a culture of P. perurans, through performing isolation and identification of bacteria present in the cultures using 16S sequencing. Further NGS sequencing was performed from various culture conditions to provide insight into the changes of the bacterial microbiome during amoeba culture. As attempts to isolate the amoeba from the bacterial contamination has been unsuccessful, consideration into a possible symbiotic relationship between the amoeba and bacteria was considered. A filtering method was used to attempt to identify the genera of bacteria present within the amoeba. The isolation and 16S sequencing identified the presence of various marine bacteria, including those of the Pseudoalteromonas, Halomonas, Cellulophaga and Mesonia genera. The NGS sequencing identified a substantial proportion of sequences to match the Vibrio genus and suggests an association between this genus and the amoeba. If symbiotic relationships between specific bacteria and amoeba can be confirmed, the bacteria could potentially be used as an indicator organism for the risk of AGD outbreak. It may also provide an indirect target for the control and treatment of AGD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stebbing_review_2014,

title = {Review of methods for the management of non-indigenous crayfish, with particular reference to Great Britain},

author = {P. Stebbing and M. Longshaw and A. Scott},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2014.908326},

doi = {10.1080/03949370.2014.908326},

issn = {0394-9370},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-04-01},

journal = {Ethology Ecology & Evolution},

volume = {26},

number = {2-3},

pages = {204–231},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Globally, some of the most widely distributed, damaging freshwater non-indigenous species are crayfish. With an increasing demand to meet regulatory targets, there is a need to implement more stringent controls to prevent further environmental stress and irreparable shifts in species diversity attributed to non-indigenous crayfish. In establishing a management strategy for non-indigenous crayfish in Great Britain (GB), consideration needs to be given to: (1) the prevention of further introductions of species, including novel species and those already established; (2) methods for containing and preventing the further spread of established populations, and (3) methods for eradication/control. This review aims to provide a critique of existing and potential management methods (mechanical, physical, biological, biocidal, autocidal, legislative) and how they can be potentially used in a cohesive, intergrated and comprehensive strategy with particular reference to GB and the management of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Globally, some of the most widely distributed, damaging freshwater non-indigenous species are crayfish. With an increasing demand to meet regulatory targets, there is a need to implement more stringent controls to prevent further environmental stress and irreparable shifts in species diversity attributed to non-indigenous crayfish. In establishing a management strategy for non-indigenous crayfish in Great Britain (GB), consideration needs to be given to: (1) the prevention of further introductions of species, including novel species and those already established; (2) methods for containing and preventing the further spread of established populations, and (3) methods for eradication/control. This review aims to provide a critique of existing and potential management methods (mechanical, physical, biological, biocidal, autocidal, legislative) and how they can be potentially used in a cohesive, intergrated and comprehensive strategy with particular reference to GB and the management of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{flannery_interlaboratory_2014,

title = {Interlaboratory variability in screening for Bonamia ostreae, a protistan parasite of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis.},

author = {G Flannery and SA Lynch and M Longshaw and D Stone and P Martin and A Ramillo and Antonio Villalba and Sarah C Culloty},

url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2014/110/d110p093.pdf},

doi = {10.3354/dao02717},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {110},

pages = {93–99},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{hartikainen_mikrocytids_2014,

title = {Mikrocytids are a broadly distributed and divergent radiation of parasites in aquatic invertebrates},

author = {H. Hartikainen and G. D. Stentiford and K. S. Bateman and C. Berney and S. W. Feist and M. Longshaw and B. Okamura and D. Stone and G. Ward and C. Wood and D. Bass},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.033},

issn = {09609822},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {24},

number = {7},

pages = {807–812},

abstract = {Microcell parasites have independently evolved in several eukaryotic lineages and are increasingly recognized as important and emerging pathogens of diverse hosts, including species of economic importance subject to international legislation concerning the trading of aquatic animals [1-3]. The microcell Mikrocytos mackini causes Denman Island disease of oysters and represents one of the most genetically divergent eukaryotes known. Mikrocytos has remained an isolated lineage with a limited distribution. We investigated two emerging diseases of juvenile crabs and oysters from the UK using massively parallel sequencing and targeted primer approaches to reveal that their causative agents are highly divergent lineages related to M. mackini (Paramikrocytos canceri n. gen. et n. sp. and M. mimicus sp. nov., respectively). We demonstrate a major new globally distributed parasite radiation (Mikrocytida ord. nov.) with phylogenetic affinities to the commercially important haplosporidian parasites of invertebrates. Mikrocytids have eluded detection because of their small size, intracellular habit, and extreme sequence divergence. P. canceri was frequently detected in a range of shoreline invertebrates, demonstrating that these newly recognized parasites are in fact common, diverse, and widespread and should be considered when assessing the risks of aquaculture activities, invasive species spread, and movements of ballast water and sediments with associated invertebrates. Video Abstract © 2014 The Authors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{laing_epidemiology_2014,

title = {Epidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012},

author = {I Laing and P Dunn and E J Peeler and S W Feist and M Longshaw},

doi = {10.3354/dao02647},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {110},

pages = {101–111},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{large_strengths_2013,

title = {Strengths and Weaknesses of the Management and Monitoring of Deep-Water Stocks, Fisheries, and Ecosystems in Various Areas of the World—A Roadmap Toward Sustainable Deep-Water Fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic?},

author = {Philip A. Large and David J. Agnew and José Ángel Álvarez Pérez and Christopher Barrio Froján and Rudi Cloete and Dimitrios Damalas and Leonie Dransfeld and Charles T. T. Edwards and Stephen Feist and Ivone Figueiredo and Fernando González and Juan Gil Herrera and Andrew Kenny and Klara Jakobsdóttir and Matt Longshaw and Pascal Lorance and Paul Marchal and Chryssi Mytilineou and Benjamin Planque and Chrissi-Yianna Politou},

url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10641262.2013.785475},

doi = {10.1080/10641262.2013.785475},

issn = {1064-1262},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-04-01},

journal = {Reviews in Fisheries Science},

volume = {21},

number = {2},

pages = {157–180},

abstract = {Scientific interest in deep-water marine resources has increased dramatically over the last 10?20 years as management bodies have sought advice on how to manage deep-water fisheries and protect deep-water ecosystems. The strengths and weaknesses of the management and monitoring of deep-water stocks, fisheries, and ecosystems in various areas of the world are described, with the objective of informing the EU FP7 DEEPFISHMAN project so that it can fulfill its primary aim, which is to develop strategic options for a short- and long-term management and monitoring ecosystem-based framework for the northeast Atlantic. To provide a baseline, the current monitoring and management regime in the northeast Atlantic is reviewed, followed by a brief description of the regimes applying to deep-water fisheries in the northwest Atlantic, the southeast Atlantic, off Brazil, in the Antarctic, off Australia and New Zealand, and in the Mediterranean. The strengths and weaknesses of these are discussed, taking into account additional information available from DEEPFISHMAN case study stocks, outcomes from consultations with stakeholders in the deep-water fishing industry in the northeast Atlantic, and the requirements of EU regulations and developing policy that will likely impact deep-water fisheries in the northeast Atlantic. Scientific interest in deep-water marine resources has increased dramatically over the last 10?20 years as management bodies have sought advice on how to manage deep-water fisheries and protect deep-water ecosystems. The strengths and weaknesses of the management and monitoring of deep-water stocks, fisheries, and ecosystems in various areas of the world are described, with the objective of informing the EU FP7 DEEPFISHMAN project so that it can fulfill its primary aim, which is to develop strategic options for a short- and long-term management and monitoring ecosystem-based framework for the northeast Atlantic. To provide a baseline, the current monitoring and management regime in the northeast Atlantic is reviewed, followed by a brief description of the regimes applying to deep-water fisheries in the northwest Atlantic, the southeast Atlantic, off Brazil, in the Antarctic, off Australia and New Zealand, and in the Mediterranean. The strengths and weaknesses of these are discussed, taking into account additional information available from DEEPFISHMAN case study stocks, outcomes from consultations with stakeholders in the deep-water fishing industry in the northeast Atlantic, and the requirements of EU regulations and developing policy that will likely impact deep-water fisheries in the northeast Atlantic.},

note = {ISBN: 1064-1262},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_review_2013,

title = {A review of the infectious agents, parasites, pathogens and commensals of European cockles (Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum)},

author = {M Longshaw and S K Malham},

doi = {10.1017/S0025315412000537},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},

volume = {93},

number = {1},

pages = {227–247},

abstract = {A systematic review of the parasites, pathogens and commensals of the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and of the lagoon cockle (Cerastoderma glaucum) has been completed. A total of 59 different conditions have been reported throughout the range of both of these hosts; of these 50 have been reported in edible cockles, and 28 in lagoon cockles. Cockles are hosts to viruses, bacteria, fungi (including Microsporidia), Apicomplexa, Amoeba, Ciliophora, Perkinsozoa, Haplosporidia, Cercozoa, Turbellaria, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Crustacea and Nemertea. A number of these have been reported sporadically although they may be associated with mortalities. In particular, mortalities have been associated predominately with digeneans and some protistan infections. In many cases pathology is marked in affected animals and parasites have been shown to reduce fecundity, alter burrowing behaviour and limit growth. The review provides information on the individual and population effects of these conditions as well as providing suggestions for future research. In particular, there has been a lack of taxonomic rigour applied to many studies and as a result there are a number of erroneous host records. There is a need to re-describe a number of parasite species and to determine the lifecycle of those considered to be important mortality drivers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_detection_2013,

title = {Detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in European flat oysters Ostrea edulis cultivated in mainland Britain},

author = {M Longshaw and D M Stone and G Wood and M J Green and P White},

url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v106/n2/p173-179/},

doi = {10.3354/dao02643},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {106},

number = {2},

pages = {173–179},

abstract = {ABSTRACT: Following a reported mortality event of European flat oysters Ostrea edulis in southwestern England in December 2010, a sample of 30 oysters was examined using histology and molecular techniques. Histological examination of the oysters revealed the presence of microcell stages in the haemocytes and connective tissues of 3 out of the 30 animals examined. One animal showing marked haemocyte infiltration of the connective tissues was considered to be infected with Bonamia ostreae based on the presence of small uninucleate microcells measuring approximately 1 to 1.5 �m in diameter. Two other oysters were considered by histology to be infected with B. exitiosa. Infected haemocytes contained up to 5 microcells, measuring approximately 2 to 3 �m in diameter with a central or subcentral nucleus. Rarely, larger plasmodia-like multinucleated stages were noted in the haemocyte cytoplasm characterised by its irregular shape and increased eosinophilic cytoplasm. Haemocyte infiltration of the connective tissues surrounding the digestive gland and the mantle was noted along with necrosis of the tissues associated with the infection. Molecular analysis of the infected animals confirmed the presence of B. exitiosa in the sample. This study describes the parasite from flat oysters cultured in the UK; subsequent targeted sampling has not detected the parasite in flat oyster populations at this or other sites within the UK.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{appeltans_magnitude_2012,

title = {The Magnitude of Global Marine Species Diversity},

author = {Ward Appeltans and Shane T Ahyong and Gary Anderson and Martin V Angel and Tom Artois and Nicolas Bailly and Roger Bamber and Anthony Barber and Ilse Bartsch and Annalisa Berta and Magdalena Ewicz-Paszkowycz and Phil Bock and Geoff Boxshall and Christopher B Boyko and Simone Nunes Brandao and Rod A Bray and Niel L Bruce and Stephen D Cairns and Tin Yam Chan and Lanna Cheng and Allen G Collins and Thomas Cribb and Marco Curini-Galletti and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas and Peter J Davie and Michael N Dawson and Olivier De Clerck and Wim Decock and Sammy De Grave and Nicole J De Voogd and Daryl P Domning and Christian C Emig and Christer Erseus and William Eschmeyer and Kristian Fauchald and Daphne G Fautin and Stephen W Feist and Charles H Fransen and Hidetaka Furuya and Oscar Garcia-Alvarez and Sarah Gerken and David Gibson and Arjan Gittenberger and Serge Gofas and Liza Gomez-Daglio and Dennis P Gordon and Michael D Guiry and Francisco Hernandez and Bert W Hoeksema and Russell R Hopcroft and Dami Jaume and Paul Kirk and Nico Koedam and Stefan Koenemann and Jorgen B Kolb and Reinhardt M Kristensen and Andreas Kroh and Gretchen Lambert and David B Lazarus and Rafael Lemaitre and Matt Longshaw and Jim Lowry and Enrique Macpherson and Laurence P Madin and Christopher Mah and Gill Mapstone and Patsy A McLaughlin and Jan Mees and Kenneth Meland and Charles G Messing and Claudia E Mills and Tina N Molodtsova and Rich Mooi and Birger Neuhaus and Peter K Ng and Claus Nielsen and Jon Norenburg and Dennis M Opresko and Masayuki Osawa and Gustav Paulay and William Perrin and John F Pilger and Gary C Poore and Phil Pugh and Geoffrey B Read and James D Reimer and Marc Rius and Rosana M Rocha and Jos I Saiz-Salinas and Victor Scarabino and Bernd Schierwater and Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa and Kareen E Schnabel and Marilyn Schotte and Peter Schuchert and Enrico Schwabe and Hendrik Segers and Caryn Self-Sullivan and Noa Shenkar and Volker Siegel and Wolfgang Sterrer and Sabine Stohr and Billie Swalla and Mark L Tasker and Erik V Thuesen and Tarmo Timm and M. Antonio Todaro and Xavier Turon and Seth Tyler and Peter Uetz and Jacob Van der Land and Bart Vanhoorne and Leen P Van Ofwegen and Rob W Van Soest and Jan Vanaverbeke and Genefor Walker-Smith and T. Chad Walter and Alan Warren and Gary C Williams and Simon P Wilson and Mark J Costello},

url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982212011384},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.036 External Link},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-12-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {22},

number = {23},

pages = {2189–2202},

abstract = {The question of how many marine species exist is important because it provides a metric for how much we do and do not know about life in the oceans. We have compiled the first register of the marine species of the world and used this baseline to estimate how many more species, partitioned among all major eukaryotic groups, may be discovered. There are <226,000 eukaryotic marine species described. More species were described in the past decade (<20,000) than in any previous one. The number of authors describing new species has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of new species described in the past six decades. We report that there are <170,000 synonyms, that 58,00072,000 species are collected but not yet described, and that 482,000741,000 more species have yet to be sampled. Molecular methods may add tens of thousands of cryptic species. Thus, there may be 0.71.0 million marine species. Past rates of description of new species indicate there may be 0.5 � 0.2 million marine species. On average 37% (median 31%) of species in over 100 recent field studies around the world might be new to science. Currently, between one-third and two-thirds of marine species may be undescribed, and previous estimates of there being well over one million marine species appear highly unlikely. More species than ever before are being described annually by an increasing number of authors. If the current trend continues, most species will be discovered this century. � <226,000 described eukaryotic marine species are accepted and <170,000 are not � Experts and statistics predict that fewer than one million marine species exist � 70,000 species may already be in specimen collections, waiting to be described � Most of marine life may be discovered this century},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_histopathological_2012,

title = {Histopathological survey of pathogens and commensals of white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) in England and Wales},

author = {M Longshaw and P D Stebbing and K S Bateman and F A Hockley},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201112000341},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.005},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {110},

number = {1},

pages = {54–59},

abstract = {A histopathological survey of white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) from six rivers in England and Wales was conducted between November 2007 and September 2011. A. pallipes bacilliform virus (ApBV) was present in four samples; infected crayfish showed pathological responses ranging from mild hypertrophy of infected nuclei and emargination of chromatin through to loss of architecture of the hepatopancreatic cells. Crayfish were found to be hosts to two different ciliate species, mites, nematodes, digeneans and the microsporidian Thelohania contejeani. The variation in disease presence between populations highlights the importance of conducting appropriate surveys of native crayfish prior to movement of animals to refugia sites for relocation, restocking or breeding programmes},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_parasites_2012,

title = {Parasites and pathogens of the endosymbiotic pea crab (Pinnotheres pisum) from blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in England},

author = {M Longshaw and S W Feist and K S Bateman},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201111002497},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.011},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-02-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {109},

number = {2},

pages = {235–242},

abstract = {A histopathological survey of the commensal pea crab (Pinnotheres pisum) from the mantle cavities of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) has been conducted. A total of 266 pea crabs from eight sites around the English coastline were examined. Of these, 82 were negative for any visible infections by histology. The remaining pea crabs were infected with an intranuclear bacilliform virus designated as P. pisum bacilliform virus (PpBV) in the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells, peritrichous ciliates on the gills, an intracytoplasmic microsporidian infection of the hepatopancreatocytes, a myophilic microsporidian infection, the gregarine Cephaloidophora fossor in the hepatopancreas, the entoniscid isopod Pinnotherion vermiforme, a low level nematode infection and an acanthocephalan cystacanth. Host reactions to infections were generally subdued. Results are discussed in relation to the endocommensal habitat of the pea crabs},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{alaya_pathogens_2012,

title = {Pathogens and parasites of the black-striped pipefish (Syngnathus abaster) from the Tunis North Lake, Tunisia},

author = {H B Alaya and M Trabelsi and M Longshaw},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science},

volume = {1},

number = {2},

pages = {99–104},

abstract = {The black-striped pipefish, Syngnathus abaster member of the Syngnathidae family, is a small species occurring in either brackish or fresh waters associated with vegetated habitats, few data are known about the anomalies that encounter the species in coastal lagoons and estuaries. A survey of S. abaster from the Tunis north lagoon (Tunisia), where the species occurs and breeds among vegetation, was conducted during 2007-2011, a multitude of anomalies were observed in external bodies and guts of some specimens of S.abaster and were suspected to be related to parasitic infections. The parasitic analysis were made in 2011 and revealed the presence of a number of visible cysts in the epidermis, musculature and intestine. A focussed histological study of the fish revealed the presence of microsporidian infections in the epidermis, musculature and the intestine. In addition, a coccidian infection of the intestine and a systemic digenean infection were noted. Pathology associated with the myotrophic microsporidian consisted mainly of pressure atrophy and disruption of affected muscles, whilst the gut-dwelling microsporidian infection may have affect absorption rates. Other infections were considered relatively benign. The results are discussed in relation to the general ecology of the host. In conclusion, it is suggested in this study to assess the health status of S. abaster in the lagoon using more data about the impact of such infections on the fish behaviour and to study the transmission of the parasites in this area to commercial fish.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bateman_virus-like_2012,

title = {Virus-like particles associated with mortalities of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in England},

author = {K S Bateman and P White and M Longshaw},

url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v99/n2/p163-167/},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02462},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {99},

number = {2},

pages = {163–167},

abstract = {Mortalities of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) were reported in southern England (Kent and Poole Harbour) during late spring of 2008. In response to these reported mortalities, samples were collected from 5 sites across the south coast of England. Clams were sampled for both histology and electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed unenveloped virus-like particles within the connective tissue of the gills and surrounding the tubules in the digestive gland. The virus-like particles appeared to be free within the cytoplasm or associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes and cytoplasmic vesicles. Particles were icosahedral in shape, with a diameter of 25 to 30 nm. The location, size and morphology of the virus-like particles suggest that they belong to the Picornaviridae family. This is the first report of this virus infection in wild and farmed R. philippinarum within the UK.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_disease_2012,

title = {Disease risks associated with the importation and release of non-native crayfish species in mainland Britain},

author = {M Longshaw and K S Bateman and P Stebbing and G D Stentiford and F A Hockley},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00417},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Aquatic Biology},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

abstract = {A full histological survey of 782 non-indigenous crayfish established in riverine habitats or imported into the United Kingdom through the aquarium trade has been conducted. Selected populations were subjected to further bacteriological, molecular and ultrastructural studies to characterise disease conditions. Pacifastacus leniusculus, Orconectes virilis and Astacus leptodactylus, were obtained from 17 riverine sites in mainland Britain. Additionally Cambarellus patzcuarensis, Cherax quadricarinatus, Procambarus clarkii and P. fallax were obtained from 8 pet shops whilst C. patzcuarensis, Cherax peknyi, C. quadricarinatus and P. clarkii were seized at point of entry into mainland Britain. Tests for infections were negative in the majority of P. leniusculus (66.4%); the rest were infected with at least one pathogen or commensal including an intranuclear bacilliform virus and a novel Spiroplasma sp. of male Sertoli cells. Low level bacterial and ciliate infections and commensal mites and ostracods also occurred on or in established signal crayfish. The established population of O. virilis was found to be negative for any visible infections; one shipment of P. clarkii and one aquarium held population of C. quadricarinatus were also found to contain no visible infections. One shipment of P. clarkii from Singapore was infected with white spot virus (WSSV). Bacterial species isolated from crayfish included Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, Citrobacter freundii, Grimontia hollisae, Hafnia alvei, Pastuerella multicida and Weeksella virosa. Results are discussed in relation to the enemy release hypothesis and considers the risk associated with the transboundary trade in non-indigenous crayfish as a potential source of disease to native crayfish species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{malham_review_2012,

title = {A review of the biology of European cockles (Cerastoderma spp.)},

author = {S K Malham and T H Hutchinson and M Longshaw},

doi = {10.1017/S0025315412000355},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},

volume = {92},

number = {7},

pages = {1563–1584},

abstract = {This review examines the biology of the two main cockle species Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum found in coastal areas around the north-east Atlantic from Norway to Morocco and through the Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. It considers those factors in particular that impact on the overall health and survival of individuals as well as populations. Methods for the discrimination of the species are reviewed as well as the approaches being taken to delineate different populations, which},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{verner-jeffreys_zoonotic_2012,

title = {Zoonotic disease pathogens in fish used for pedicure},

author = {D. W. Verner-Jeffreys and C. Baker-Austin and M. J. Pond and G. S. E. Rimmer and R. Kerr and D. Stone and R. Griffin and P. White and N. Stinton and K. Denham and J. Leigh and N. Jones and M. Longshaw and S. W. Feist},

doi = {10.3201/eid1806.111782},

issn = {10806040},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},

volume = {18},

number = {6},

pages = {1006–1008},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{brooker_effect_2011,

title = {The effect of octopaminergic compounds on the behaviour and transmission of Gyrodactylus},

author = {A Brooker and M Grano-Maldonado and S Irving and J E Bron and M Longshaw and A P Shinn},

url = {http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/4/1/207},

doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-4-207},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Parasites & Vectors},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {207},

abstract = {BACKGROUND:The high transmission potential of species belonging to the monogenean parasite genus Gyrodactylus, coupled with their high fecundity, allows them to rapidly colonise new hosts and to increase in number. One gyrodactylid, Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, has been responsible for devastation of Altantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations in a number of Norwegian rivers. Current methods of eradicating G. salaris from river systems centre around the use of non-specific biocides, such as rotenone and aluminium sulphate.Although transmission routes in gyrodactylids have been studied extensively, the behaviour of individual parasites has received little attention. Specimens of Gyrodactylus gasterostei Glaser, 1974 and G. arcuatus Bychowsky, 1933, were collected from the skin of their host, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), and permitted to attach to the substrate. The movements of individual parasites were recorded and analysed.RESULTS:The behaviour patterns of the two species were similar and parasites were more active in red light and darkness than in white light. Four octopaminergic compounds were tested and all four inhibited the movements of parasites. Treatment ultimately led to death at low concentrations (0.2 muM), although prolonged exposure was necessary in some instances.CONCLUSIONS:Octopaminergic compounds may affect the parasite's ability to locate and remain on its host and these or related compounds might provide alternative or supplementary treatments for the control of G. salaris infections. With more research there is potential for use of octopaminergic compounds, which have minimal effects on the host or its environment, as parasite-specific treatments against G. salaris infections},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{de_broyer_how_2011,

title = {How many species in the Southern Ocean? Towards a dynamic inventory of the Antarctic marine species},

author = {C De Broyer and B Danis and L Allcock and M Angel and C Arango and T Artois and D Barnes and I Bartsch and M Bester and K Blachowiak-Samolyk and M Blazewicz and J Bohn and A Brandt and S N Brandao and B David and M Salas and M Eleaume and C Emig and D Fautin and K H George and D Gillan and A Gooday and R Hopcroft and M Jangoux and D Janussen and P Koubbi and J Kouwenberg and P Kuklinski and R Ligowski and D Lindsay and K Linse and M Longshaw and P Lopez-Gonzalez and P Martin and T Munilla and U Muhlenhardt-Siegel and B Neuhaus and J Norenburg and C Ozouf-Costaz and E Pakhomov and W Perrin and V Petryashov and A L Pena-Cantero and U Piatkowski and A Pierrot-Bults and A Rocka and J Saiz-Salinas and L Salvini-Plawen and V Scarabino and S Schiaparelli and M Schrodl and E Schwabe and F Scott and J Sicinski and V Siegel and I Smirnov and S Thatje and A Utevsky and A Vanreusel and C Wiencke and E Woehler and K Zdzitowiecki and W Zeidler},

url = {wos:000288470800002},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.007},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},

volume = {58},

number = {1-2},

pages = {5–17},

abstract = {The IPY sister-projects CAML and SCAR-MarBIN provided a timely opportunity, a strong collaborative framework and an appropriate momentum to attempt assessing the "Known, Unknown and Unknowable" of Antarctic marine biodiversity. To allow assessing the known biodiversity, SCAR-MarBIN "Register of Antarctic Marine Species (RAMS)" was compiled and published by a panel of 64 taxonomic experts. Thanks to this outstanding expertise mobilized for the first time, an accurate list of more than 8100 valid species was compiled and an up-to-date systematic classification comprising more than 16,800 taxon names was established. This taxonomic information is progressively and systematically completed by species occurrence data, provided by literature, taxonomic and biogeographic databases, new data from CAML and other cruises, and museum collections. RAMS primary role was to establish a benchmark of the present taxonomic knowledge of the Southern Ocean biodiversity, particularly important in the context of the growing realization of potential impacts of the global change on Antarctic ecosystems. This, in turn, allowed detecting gaps in knowledge, taxonomic treatment and coverage, and estimating the importance of the taxonomic impediment, as well as the needs for more complete and efficient taxonomic tools. A second, but not less important, role of RAMS was to contribute to the "taxonomic backbone" of the SCAR-MarBIN, OBIS and GBIF networks, to establish a dynamic information system on Antarctic marine biodiversity for the future. The unknown part of the Southern Ocean biodiversity was approached by pointing out what remains to be explored and described in terms of geographical locations and bathymetric zones, habitats, or size classes of organisms. The growing importance of cryptic species is stressed, as they are more and more often detected by molecular studies in several taxa. Relying on RAMS results and on some case studies of particular model groups, the question of the potential number of species that remains to be discovered in the Southern Ocean is discussed. In terms of taxonomic inputs to the census of Southern Ocean biodiversity, the current rate of progress in inventorying the Antarctic marine species as well as the state of taxonomic resources and capacity were assessed. Different ways of improving the taxonomic inputs are suggested. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{grano-maldonado_accidental_2011,

title = {The accidental transfer of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea) during short duration fish transportation},

author = {M I Grano-Maldonado and J E Bron and M Longshaw and A P Shinn},

doi = {10.3147/jsfp.46.71},

issn = {0388788X},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Fish Pathology},

volume = {46},

number = {3},

pages = {71–79},

abstract = {The potential of parasite transfer to an alternative host during short periods of cohabitation was explored._@The work described in this paper suggests that either the field sampling process itself or the subsequent transportation of multiple fish species in the same container, may affect the correct allocation of parasites to hosts, and the diagnosis, management and control of gyrodactylosis in a variety of fish._@ Gyrodactylus infected specimens of three-spine sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, minnows Phoxinus phoxinus and stone loach Barbatula barbatula from one Scottish river were cohabited with one another in small volumes of water for 3 h._@The study found that a small number of Gyrodactylus spp. transfer to atypical hosts._@This study indicates that personnel involved in fish disease surveillance programmes should be aware of the possible consequences, in terms of inter-host transfer, of transporting multiple species in the same transport vessel._@Diagnosticians should be aware of the facts that fish may act as temporary/paratenic hosts and that the apparent gyrodactylid fauna present following transport may not reflect that encountered under normal circumstances},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_diseases_2011,

title = {Diseases of crayfish: A review},

author = {M Longshaw},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJV-51W6NYJ-7/2/6efe55992b4967afd31cba5be0211a33},

doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.013},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},

volume = {106},

number = {1},

pages = {54–70},

abstract = {A systematic review of parasites, pathogens and commensals of freshwater crayfish has been conducted. All major groups of disease causing agents have been covered including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protistans and metazoans. Most agents tend to cause limited problems for crayfish. Exceptions to this include fungi, bacteria and viruses. However, in many cases, these tend to be isolated reports in either a specific geographical location or in individual animals. The apparent absence of pathology associated with these agents in crayfish should not be taken to suggest that movements of crayfish to new geographical areas is necessarily acceptable. Several examples are given where seemingly healthy animals have been moved to new areas leading to mortality of other crayfish within the same area as a direct result of transmission of pathogens to na�ve hosts. Some future research needs are proposed, including the need for pathogen characterisation and production of disease-free crayfish for aquaculture},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shinn_multi-centre_2010,

title = {Multi-centre testing and validation of current protocols for the identification of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea)},

author = {A. P. Shinn and C. Collins and A. García-Vásquez and M. Snow and I. Matějusová and G. Paladini and M. Longshaw and T. Lindenstrøm and D. M. Stone and J. F. Turnbull and S. M. Picon-Camacho and C. Vázquez Rivera and R. A. Duguid and T. A. Mo and H. Hansen and K. Olstad and J. Cable and P. D. Harris and R. Kerr and D. Graham and S. J. Monaghan and G. H. Yoon and K. Buchmann and N. G. H. Taylor and T. A. Bakke and R. Raynard and S. Irving and J. E. Bron},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7F-506W6TT-1/2/2803dfb711a12118d5b2e9a4a04012a2},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.016},

issn = {00207519},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-10-01},

journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},

volume = {40},

number = {12},

pages = {1455–1467},

abstract = {Despite routine screening requirements for the notifiable fish pathogen Gyrodactylus salaris, no standard operating procedure exists for its rapid identification and discrimination from other species of Gyrodactylus. This study assessed screening and identification efficiencies under real-world conditions for the most commonly employed identification methodologies: visual, morphometric and molecular analyses. Obtained data were used to design a best-practice processing and decision-making protocol allowing rapid specimen throughput and maximal classification accuracy. True specimen identities were established using a consensus from all three identification methods, coupled with the use of host and location information. The most experienced salmonid gyrodactylid expert correctly identified 95.1% of G. salaris specimens. Statistical methods of classification identified 66.7% of the G. salaris, demonstrating the need for much wider training. Molecular techniques (internal transcribed spacer region-restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS-RFLP)/cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequencing) conducted in the diagnostic laboratory most experienced in the analysis of gyrodactylid material, identified 100% of the true G. salaris specimens. Taking into account causes of potential specimen loss, the probabilities of a specimen being accurately identified were 95%, 87% and 92% for visual, morphometric and molecular techniques, respectively, and the probabilities of correctly identifying a specimen of G. salaris by each method were 81%, 58% and 92%. Inter-analyst agreement for 189 gyrodactylids assessed by all three methods using Fleiss' Kappa suggested substantial agreement in identification between the methods. During routine surveillance periods when low numbers of specimens are analysed, we recommend that specimens be analysed using the ITS-RFLP approach followed by sequencing of specimens with a "G. salaris-like" (i.e. G. salaris, Gyrodactylus thymalli) banding pattern. During periods of suspected outbreaks, where a high volume of specimens is expected, we recommended that specimens be identified using visual identification, as the fastest processing method, to select "G. salaris-like" specimens, which are subsequently identified by molecular-based techniques. © 2010.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_influence_2010,

title = {The influence of parasitism on fish population success},

author = {M Longshaw and P A Frear and A D Nunn and I G Cowx and S W Feist},

url = {10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00741.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00741.x},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Fisheries Management and Ecology},

volume = {17},

number = {5},

pages = {426–434},

abstract = {The influence of parasitism on first-year growth and recruitment success of two cyprinid species in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment, England, was investigated using a 14-year dataset. This study demonstrated a significant role of parasitism in growth and recruitment success of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and European chub, Squalius cephalus (L.) populations. Muscle infections by Bucephalus polymorphus Baer (Digenea), Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova (Myxozoa) and Myxobolus pfeifferi Thélohan were considered important, with significant relationships between these parasites and year-class strength and age-0 fish length. Other parasites, such as Phyllodistomum sp. and Goussia sp., were implicated in host success to a lesser extent. Parasitism may be a major factor in recruitment and account for a high proportion of the variation in year-class strength, although this varied among locations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_paramarteilia_2009,

title = {Paramarteilia canceri sp. n. (Cercozoa) in the European edible crab (Cancer pagurus) with a proposal for the revision of the order Paramyxida Chatton, 1911},

author = {S W Feist and P M Hine and K S Bateman and G D Stentiford and M Longshaw},

doi = {10.14411/fp.2009.012},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Folia Parasitologica},

volume = {56},

number = {2},

pages = {73–85},

abstract = {A new species, Paramarteilia canceri sp. n., is described using light and electron microscopy from the edible crab Cancer pagurus L. captured from the English Channel. No external symptoms were noted, although infected animals were typically lethargic and unresponsive to external stimuli. Organs of infected animals were shrunken and collapsed compared with apparently healthy individuals. Although the infection was systemic, marked host responses were only noted in the hepatopancreas where the parasite induced a pronounced haemocytic infi ltration. Prevalence of infection throughout the study was 1.1%, with a maximum monthly prevalence of 3%. The intracellular parasite was typically 15 ��m in length and composed of a primary cell containing up to three secondary cells derived by internal cleavage. Each secondary cell contains two bicellular spores. The parasite is readily differentiated from the other described paramyxean species by a combination of the number of secondary and tertiary cells. In light of this new discovery, a revision of the order Paramyxida Chatton, 1911 is proposed based upon comparison to the original descriptions of this parasite group in various species of invertebrate hosts. The proposed classifi cation is based on the number of cells within the spores (tertiary cells), so that only three genera remain within the order, namely Marteilia Grizel, Comps, Bonami, Cousserans, Duthoit et Le Pennec, 1974, Paramarteilia Ginsburger-Vogel et Desportes, 1979 and Paramyxa Chatton, 1911. Subsequent discrimination of species is based on a combination of the number of secondary cells within the primary cell and the number of tertiary cells within secondary cells. It is proposed that the genus Marteilioides Comps, Park et Desportes, 1986 is suppressed and the type species of the genus, M. chungmuensis Comps, Park et Desportes, 1986, is transferred to Marteilia and that the other representative of the genus, M. branchialis Anderson et Lester, 1992, is transferred to Paramarteilia. Further, Paramyxoides Larsson et K�ie, 2005 is considered as a junior synonym of Paramyxa and its type and only species, Paramyxoides nephtys Larsson et K�ie, 2005, is transferred to Paramyxa.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{johnson_british_2009,

title = {The British river of the future: How climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in England},

author = {A C Johnson and M C Acreman and M J Dunbar and S W Feist and A M Giacomello and R E Gozlan and S A Hinsley and A T Ibbotson and H P Jarvie and I Jones and M Longshaw and S C Maberly and T J Marsh and C Neal and J R Newman and M A Nunn and R W Pickup and N S Reynard and C A Sullivan and J P Sumpter and R J Williams},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.018},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {407},

pages = {4787–4798},

abstract = {The possible effects of changing climate on a southern and a north-eastern English river (the Thames and the Yorkshire Ouse, respectively) were examined in relation to water and ecological quality throughout the food web. The CLASSIC hydrological model, driven by output from the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3), based on IPCC low and high CO2 emission scenarios for 2080 were used as the basis for the analysis. Compared to current conditions, the CLASSIC model predicted lower flows for both rivers, in all seasons except winter. Such an outcome would lead to longer residence times (by up to a month in the Thames), with nutrient, organic and biological contaminant concentrations elevated by 70-100% pro-rata, assuming sewage treatment effectiveness remains unchanged. Greater opportunities for phytoplankton growth will arise, and this may be significant in the Thames. Warmer winters and milder springs will favour riverine birds and increase the recruitment of many coarse fish species. However, warm, slow-flowing, shallower water would increase the incidence of fish diseases. These changing conditions would make southern UK rivers in general a less favourable habitat for some species of fish, such as the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Accidental or deliberate, introductions of alien macrophytes and fish may change the range of species in the rivers. In some areas, it is possible that a concurrence of different pressures may give rise to the temporary loss of ecosystem services, such as providing acceptable quality water for humans and industry. An increasing demand for water in southern England due to an expanding population, a possibly reduced flow due to climate change, together with theWater Framework Directive obligation to maintain water quality, will put extreme pressure on river ecosystems, such as the Thames},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{beck_anisakis_2008,

title = {Anisakis simplex sensu lato associated with red vent syndrome in wild adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in England and Wales},

author = {M Beck and R Evans and S W Feist and P Stebbing and M Longshaw and E Harris},

doi = {10.3354/dao01979},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {82},

number = {1},

pages = {61–65},

abstract = {Wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with swollen and/or bleeding vents (red vent syndrome) have been observed in rivers across England and Wales. Low numbers of salmon with this condition have previously been recorded, but reports have increased in 2006 and 2007. Affected and non-affected salmon were sampled from fish traps and their vent pathology was examined. Third stage larvae of the nematode Anisakis simplex sensu lato were observed in the tissue surrounding the vent in all affected fish. Histology of the vent showed gross lesions with an inflammatory response associated with non-encapsulated nematode worms in the connective tissue and skeletal muscle. The presence of the parasite in the unusual location of the vent areas, with associated haemorrhaging, is possibly a new emerging pathological association with the nematode A. simplex infection in Atlantic salmon. The reason for this unusual tissue tropism by larval A. simplex and the significance on already depleted salmon stocks are currently unknown},

note = {ISBN: 0177-5103},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_histopathology_2008,

title = {Histopathology of fish parasite infections - importance for populations},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02060.xDigital Object Identifier (DOI)},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},

volume = {73},

pages = {2143–2160},

abstract = {There is a bewildering array of fish parasites and probably all fish species harbour one or more species. Under normal conditions hosts often show little or no signs of infection, either clinically or at the organ and tissue level. All tissues can be infected, including the blood. Coelozoic species generally do not elicit significant host responses. Any developmental stages, however, where these migrate through the host tissues may produce a cellular response if resident for sufficient time. Histozoic parasites are generally more likely to evoke a pathological response since they are invariably in more intimate contact with immunocompetent host cells such as lymphocytes and phagocytes. In some cases, particularly with protistan infections, host response can be dramatic and cause significant disease due to organ dysfunction, with subsequent mortalities. Infections of the external epithelia caused by a variety of parasites including Monogenea and Copepoda are also significant, especially when large numbers are present. Resulting tissue necrosis compromises osmoregulation and facilitates entry of prokaryote infections. Parasites have numerous strategies to evade detection within the host, but even protected intracellular forms, e.g. microsporeans and muscle-invading myxozoans are recognized when they outgrow their accommodation or large cysts rupture, presenting parasite antigens to the host. In most instances, an evolutionary balance has been achieved between the host and the parasite and even when histopathology is evident, this is frequently localized and does not unduly impair performance of the affected organ. Examples include chronic inflammation, granuloma formation and focal fibrosis. This paper outlines the principle histopathological responses to a variety of parasite groups and provides a more detailed treatment of selected parasitic infections in marine and freshwater fish species to illustrate the relative importance of acute and chronic parasitic infections for host survival},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{peeler_assessment_2008,

title = {An assessment of the variation in the prevalence of renal myxosporidiosis and hepatitis in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., within and between rivers in South-West England},

author = {E J Peeler and S W Feist and M Longshaw and M A Thrush and S St-Hilaire},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00942.x},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {31},

number = {10},

pages = {719–728},

abstract = {The prevalence of renal myxosporidiosis in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta, in seven river catchments In South-West England was investigated. Three hundred and twenty-seven fish were sampled from 16 sites, of which 54 (16.5%) were found, by histological examination of the kidney, to be infected with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease. No T bryosalmonae infected fish were found in one river catchment, in other catchments the prevalence ranged from 2.5% to 36%. Hepatitis was strongly associated with the presence of T. bryosalmonae (odds ratio = 20.2, P < 0.001). Chloromyxum schurovi was found in 25% of fish and in six of seven river catchments, where the prevalence ranged from 2.4% to 63%. There was a strong negative association between the presence of T. bryosalmonae and C. schurovi (odds ratio = 0.10, P < 0.001). A hierarchical binomal model of the variance indicated that for T. bryosalmonae most of the variance existed at the site level, whereas for C schurovi most variance existed at the river catchment level, suggesting that prevalence of T. bryosalmonae infection is determined largely by site level factors (e.g. presence of alternate host). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.2 and 0.4 for T. bryosalmonae and C schurovi, respectively, indicating the latter has higher effective transmission because of a higher level of infectiousness and/or abundance of alternate oligochaete hosts. These values can be used In future Studies to estimate the sample sizes required to generate prevalence estimates with the required precision},

note = {ISBN: 0140-7775},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{small_laser-assisted_2008,

title = {Laser-assisted microdissection: a new tool for aquatic molecular parasitology},

author = {H J Small and J Sturve and J P Bignell and M Longshaw and B P Lyons and R Hicks and S W Feist and G D Stentiford},

doi = {10.3354/dao01983},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {82},

number = {2},

pages = {151–156},

abstract = {Laser-assisted microdissection (LMD) has been developed to isolate distinct cell populations from heterogeneous tissue sections, cytological preparations, or live cell samples. Downstream applications typically include gene expression studies using real-time PCR and array platforms, diagnostic PCR, and protein expression studies. LMD techniques are now commonplace in mainstream biological research and clearly have suitable applications in the field of aquatic pathology and parasitology. The present study used LMD to isolate 2 dinoflagellate parasites (Hematodinium spp.) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 2 crustacean hosts, Cancer pagurus and Portunus trituberculatus. DNA was isolated from LMD parasite preparations, and partial regions (up to 300 bp) of the small subunit and the first internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene complex from the Hematodinium spp. were PCR amplified using diagnostic primers. The amplification products were sequenced to confirm the identity of the targeted regions, The techniques, applications, and limitations of LMD to address questions in aquatic molecular pathology and parasitology are discussed},

note = {ISBN: 0177-5103},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stentiford_enterospora_2007,

title = {Enterospora canceri n. gen., n. sp., intranuclear within the hepatopancreatocytes of the European edible crab Cancer pagurus},

author = {G D Stentiford and K S Bateman and M Longshaw and S W Feist},

doi = {10.3354/dao075061},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms},

volume = {75},

number = {1},

pages = {61–72},

abstract = {Only 1 genus (Nucleospora) within 1 family (Enterocytozoonidae) of the Microsporidia contains species that are parasitic within the nuclei of their host cells; to date, all described intranuclear Nucleospora spp. parasitise fish. This study describes the first intranuclear microsporidian parasite of an invertebrate, the European edible crab Cancer pagurus L. (Decapoda: Cancridae). Infected crabs displayed no obvious external signs, and maximum apparent prevalence of infection within a monthly sample was 3.45%. Infected hepatopancreatic tubules were characterised by varying numbers of hypertrophic and eosinophilic nuclei within epithelial cells. Parasite stages appeared as eosinophilic granular accumulations causing margination of host chromatin. In advanced cases, the tubule epithelia degenerated, with parasites and sloughed epithelial cells appearing in tubule lumens. All life stages of the parasite were observed within host nuclei. Uninucleate meronts were not detected, although binucleate stages were observed, Multinucleate plasmodia (sporogonal plasmodia) contained up to 22 nuclei in section, and late-stage plasmodia contained multiple copies of apparatus resembling the polar filament and anchoring disk, apparently associated with individual plasmodial nuclei. As such, aggregation and early assembly of sporoblast components took place within the intact sporogonial plasmodium, a feature unique to the Enterocytozoonidae. Liberation of sporoblasts from plasmodia or the presence of liberated sporoblasts was not observed in this study. However, large numbers of maturing and mature spores (measuring 1.3 ± 0.02 x 0.7 ± 0.01 Μm) were frequently observed in direct contact with the host nucleoplasm. Considering the shared features of this parasite with microsporidians of the family Enterocytozoonidae, and the unique presence of this parasite within the nucleoplasm of decapod crustacean hepatopancreatocytes, this parasite (Enterospora canceri) is proposed as the type species of a new genus (Enterospora) of microsporidian. Molecular taxonomic work is now required, comparing Enterospora to Enterocytozoon and Nucleospora, the 2 other genera within the Enterocytozoonidae},

note = {ISBN: 0177-5103},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gozlan_effect_2006,

title = {Effect of microbial pathogens on the diversity of aquatic populations, notably in Europe},

author = {R E Gozlan and E J Peeler and M Longshaw and S St-Hilaire and S W Feist},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457906000207},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.010},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-04-01},

journal = {Microbes and Infection},

volume = {8},

number = {5},

pages = {1358–1364},

abstract = {The expansion of aquaculture and the demand for ornamental fish have resulted in the large-scale movements of aquatic animals and their pathogens. Here we review the most important non-native fish and shellfish pathogens in European waters and their global impacts on wild fish host populations. The role of theoretical models in the study of the impact of microbial pathogens is discussed, including its integration into risk assessments},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{morris_immunostaining_2006,

title = {Immunostaining of spores and plasmodia of disparate myxozoan genera with comments on the properties of the sporular mucus envelope},

author = {D. J. Morris and K. Molnár and M. Longshaw and A. Adams},

doi = {10.1017/S0031182005009807},

issn = {00311820},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Parasitology},

volume = {132},

number = {6},

pages = {781–790},

abstract = {Species of the phylum Myxozoa are common parasites of fish and can cause severe losses in cultured species. Although a number of myxozoan life-cycles have now been elucidated, little is known about the biology of these organisms in the fish host. Monoclonal antibody B4 raised to the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae has been previously noted to react with a number of species infecting fish kidney. We present the results of a survey of 55 myxosporean species that determined that this antibody detects an antigen on the spore surface of 33 of these species in the genera Myxobolus, Sphaerospora and Thelohanellus. However, there appears to be no clear relationship between those spores that contain the MAb B4 reactive antigen and the host or organ in which they are detected. The antigen appears to be synthesized in the plasmodial cytoplasm and is intimately associated with the surface of the spore capsules and, where present, the mucus envelope. The nature of this envelope is further discussed in relation to its formation and distinctive properties. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{canning_microgemma_2005,

title = {Microgemma vivaresi n. sp. (Microsporidia, Tetramicridae), infecting liver and skeletal muscle of sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis (Euphrasen 1786) (Osteichthyes, Cottidae), an inshore, littoral fish},

author = {E. U. Canning and S. W. Feist and M. Longshaw and B. Okamura and C. L. Anderson and M. T. Tse and A. Curry},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.04-3325.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.04-3325.x},

issn = {10665234},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-03-01},

journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},

volume = {52},

number = {2},

pages = {123–131},

abstract = {Abstract. The ultrastructure of a new microsporidian species Microgemma vivaresi n. sp. causing liver cell xenoma formation in sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis, is described. Stages of merogony, sporogony, and sporogenesis are mixed in the central cytoplasm of developing xenomas. All stages have unpaired nuclei. Uninucleate and multinucleate meronts lie within vacuoles formed from host endoplasmic reticulum and divide by binary or multiple fission. Sporonts, no longer in vacuoles, deposit plaques of surface coat on the plasma membrane that cause the surface to pucker. Division occurs at the puckered stage into sporoblast mother cells, on which plaques join up to complete the surface coat. A final binary fission gives rise to sporoblasts. A dense globule, thought to be involved in polar tube synthesis, is gradually dispersed during spore maturation. Spores are broadly ovoid, have a large posterior vacuole, and measure 3.6-�++m +� 2.1-�++m (fresh). The polar tube has a short wide anterior section that constricts abruptly, then runs posteriad to coil about eight times around the posterior vacuole with granular contents. The polaroplast has up to 40 membranes arranged in pairs mostly attached to the wide region of the polar tube and directed posteriorly around a cytoplasm of a coarsely granular appearance. The species is placed alongside the type species Microgemma hepaticusRalphs and Matthews 1986 within the family Tetramicridae, which is transferred from the class Dihaplophasea to the class Haplophasea, as there is no evidence for the occurrence of a diplokaryotic phase},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{beyer_potential_2005,

title = {A potential role for invasive sunbleak in the further dissemination of a non-native parasite},

author = {K Beyer and D Kochanowska and M Longshaw and S W Feist and R E Gozlan},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00859.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00859.x},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},

volume = {67},

number = {6},

pages = {1730–1733},

abstract = {Since its first introduction to English waters in the mid 1980s, sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus has spread widely and it is shown in the present study that this non-native cyprinid is a new host for Neoergasilus japonicus. This copepod parasite from South East Asia has a limited host range and distribution in the U.K. Rapid dispersal of sunbleak in the U.K. raises concerns for further dispersal of this introduced parasite},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longshaw_descriptions_2005,

title = {Descriptions, development and pathogenicity of myxozoan (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) parasites of juvenile cyprinids (Pisces: Cyprinidae)},

author = {M Longshaw and P A Frear and S W Feist},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00656.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00656.x},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {28},

number = {8},

pages = {489–508},

abstract = {Approximately 5000 young of the year (0+) cyprinids comprising roach, chub, dace, minnow, bleak, bream, barbel and gudgeon were examined histologically for the presence of myxozoan infections. Thirteen myxozoans were identified to species, the majority being Myxobolus spp. In addition, two species of Myxidium and of Sphaerospora were recorded. All organs were examined, with the majority of infections being found in the gills, musculature and kidney. However, isolated spores were occasionally found in other tissues. Whilst roach contained the highest number of myxozoan species, it was chub that showed the greatest host response to sporogonic forms. Data are provided on spore morphology, pathogenic responses and tissue and host specificity of the myxozoans recorded},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{feist_observations_2004,

title = {Observations of Dermocystidium sp. infections in bullheads, Cottus gobio L., from a river in southern England},

author = {S W Feist and M Longshaw and R H Hurrell and B Mander},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00535.x},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00535.x},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases},

volume = {27},

number = {4},

pages = {225–231},

abstract = {Abstract Bullheads, Cottus gobio, with macroscopic external cysts on the skin and fins measuring up to 3-�mm in diameter were detected in the River Allen and its tributaries in southern England between 1992 and 1998. The prevalence of these cysts was up to 50% at some sites. Examination of cyst contents revealed the presence of numerous spores, typical of the genus Dermocystidium, measuring 8-�++m in diameter. The parasite developed within well-defined cysts, which were located in the hypodermal connective tissues of the host. No cysts were present on the fins of any of the fish examined. Histological examination revealed a cyst wall consisting of an inner layer of dense eosinophilic material similar to that reported for Dermocystidium spp. forming coenocytic hyphae. No evidence was found of systemic infection or hyphal formation. Spores contained a prominent refractile body, which gave a weakly positive reaction for polysaccharides with the periodic-acid Schiff reaction and was positively stained with acidic dyes. Several examples of ruptured cysts were seen in histological sections and in some of these cases the host epithelial layer was breached, allowing release of the spores to the environment. Morphological features of, and host response towards, the Dermocystidium sp. in bullheads are compared with similar infections in salmonids and other freshwater fish species},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}